Evidence map›Paper›PMID 32676533›Full record

ArticleSSM - population health2020

"Life or death": Experiences of insulin insecurity among adults with type 1 diabetes in the United States.

Samantha Willner, Robin Whittemore, Danya Keene

Open access · goldAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in SSM - population health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
17citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
3.1field-weighted citation impact, top 9% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Care in Indonesia: A Review of Current Challenges and PracticeJournal of clinical research in pediatric endocrinology · 2025
    Review
  3. Family member involvement when multiple family members have type 1 diabetes.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2025
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Insights on Improving Health Insurance Literacy in Diabetes.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025
    Review
  6. Insulin Insecurity and Its Subsequent Impact on Emerging Adults and Families of Children With Type 1 Diabetes.Diabetes spectrum : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Samantha WillnerYale University School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Robin WhittemoreYale University School of Nursing, 400 West Campus Drive, Orange, CT, 06477, USA.
Danya KeeneYale University School of Public Health, 60 College St, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
Yale University · US

Funding

Yale Clinical and Translational Science Award (U Component)UL1TR001863 · NCATS · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI John H. Krystal, LUCILA OHNO-MACHADO · 2016 to 2026
$102.9M
New York Regional Center for Diabetes Translation Research - Translational Intervention Methodology CoreP30DK111022 · NIDDK · ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, INC · PI JEFFREY GONZALEZ · 2016 to 2026
$7.8M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001863NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK111022
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveInsulin access for people with diabetes is a growing public health concern and particularly important for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who depend on insulin for survival. However, few studies have examined the psychosocial contexts in which people with T1D confront, navigate, and attempt to resolve insulin access barriers (IABs). We conducted a qualitative study to: 1) describe factors affecting insulin access among adults with T1D, 2) characterize behavioral and emotional responses to IABs, and 3) understand the overall impact of IABs on the lives of adults with T1D.

methodsWe recruited a geographically and age diverse sample of U.S. adults with T1D (

findingsParticipants conceptualized the experience of being without insulin as a "life or death" emergency, which significantly influenced their subsequent behavioral and emotional responses to compromised insulin access. Participants also described multiple IABs including unaffordable health care, institutional unresponsiveness, and major life transitions. Unable to consistently depend on the U.S. healthcare system to address their insulin needs, participants described taking strategic actions to maximize their existing insulin supplies, obtain more insulin, and create long-term security against future IABs. These strategies were not always successful and often negatively impacted participants' health, finances, careers, relationships, and future opportunities.

conclusionsDisruptions in insulin access or the threat of future disruption, a concept we term "insulin insecurity," is a barrier to health and well-being among people with T1D. Our findings suggest the U.S. healthcare system is ill-equipped to address insulin needs among adults with T1D.

Indexed as

Access to medicineDKA, Diabetic ketoacidosisEssential medicinesIAB(s), Insulin access barrier(s)Insulin accessInsulin insecurityT1D, Type 1 diabetesT2D, Type 2 diabetesType 1 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID32676533
PMCPMC7352063
OpenAlexW3037742025

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.