ArticleBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud2020
Application of the "syndemics" theory to explain unprotected sex and transactional sex: A crosssectional study in men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women, and non-MSM in Colombia.
Article in Biomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Gender-based violence syndemics in global health: A systematic review.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Pooled it
- Behavioral and structural drivers of HIV in men who have sex with men in Belize: a mixed-methods study.Revista panamericana de salud publica = Pan American journal of public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of selling sex among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Latin America: results from the Latin American MSM Internet Survey in 18 countries (LAMIS-2018).BMJ global health · 2025Article
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of HIV/AIDS Prevalence Among Transgender Populations Worldwide.Health science reports · 2025Review
- The Utilization of Syndemic Theory in Transgender Literature: A Structured Literature Review.Transgender health · 2024Review
- A Contextualization of Transgender Women and Condom Use Using the HIV Syndemic Framework: Scoping Review.International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health · 2024Article
- Syndemic Conditions and Their Association with HIV/STI Sexual Risk Behaviors Among Transgender Women and Cisgender Men Sex Workers in Catalonia: The SexCohort Project.International journal of behavioral medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Barriers and facilitators to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake among transgender women in Colombia: A qualitative analysis using the COM-B model.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Integrating HIV and mental health interventions to address a global syndemic among men who have sex with men.The lancet. HIV · 2022Review
- Factors Associated with Unprotected Anal Sex among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Mexico.Infectious disease reports · 2022Article
- HIV incidence and risk factors among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in two cities of China: a prospective cohort study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2022Article
- Context, COVID-19 and comorbidities: exploring emergent directions in syndemics and HIV research.Current opinion in HIV and AIDS · 2022Review
- Syndemic violence victimization, alcohol and drug use, and HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-negative transgender women in India: A cross-sectional, population-based study.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionMen who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Colombia are highly affected by HIV. To improve understanding of the role of HIV risk behaviors in HIV acquisition, we used the syndemic framework, a useful concept to inform prevention efforts.
objectiveTo examine the effect of four psychosocial conditions, namely, forced sex, history of childhood sexual abuse, frequent alcohol use, and illicit drug use on unprotected sex and the synergistic effects ("syndemic" effects) of these conditions on HIV risk behavior. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe enrolled a total of 812 males (54.7% men who have sex with men, MSM; 7.3% transgender women, and 38% non-MSM). The participants were recruited from neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status through free HIV-counseling and -testing campaigns. We performed Poisson regression analysis to test the associations and interactions between the four psychosocial conditions and unprotected sex with regular, occasional, and transactional partners. To test the "syndemic" model, we assessed additive and multiplicative interactions.
resultsThe prevalence of any psychosocial condition was 94.9% in transgender women, 60.1% in MSM, and 72.2% in non-MSM. A higher likelihood of transactional sex was associated in MSM (prevalence ratio (PR)=7.41, p<0.001) and non-MSM (PR=2.18, p< 0.001) with three or all four conditions compared to those with one condition. Additive interactions were present for all combinations of psychosocial problems on transactional sex n MSM. No cumulative effect or additive interaction was observed in transgender women.
conclusionsOur study highlights the need for bundled mental health programs addressing childhood sexual abuse, illicit drug use, and frequent alcohol use with other HIV prevention programs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.