SynthesisPloS one2020
Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Relationship Between Fundamental Motor Skill Proficiency and the Development of Overweight and Obesity in Normally Developing Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Effectiveness of school-based interventions on fundamental movement skills in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Physical literacy assessment in adults: A systematic review.PloS one · 2023Pooled it
- PLAYshop Randomized Controlled Trial: Efficacy and Implementation of a Virtually Delivered Parent-Focused Physical Literacy Intervention for Early Childhood.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Trial
- ¡Miranos! An 8-Month Comprehensive Preschool Obesity Prevention Program in Low-Income Latino Children: Effects on Children's Gross Motor Development.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Trial
- Impact of an outdoor loose parts play intervention on Nova Scotian preschoolers' physical literacy: a mixed-methods randomized controlled trial.BMC public health · 2023Trial
- Effect of a Cognitive Function and Social Skills-Based Digital Exercise Therapy Using IoT on Motor Coordination in Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disability.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Immersive reality training for gross motor outcomes in children with Down syndrome.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Assessing consistency of the emergency medical services benefit score: an intra- and inter-rater reliability study in a belgian helicopter medical center.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Fundamental Movement Skill Development in Children With Intellectual Disabilities: An 8-Week Coach-Led and Parent-Supported Intervention.Journal of applied research in intellectual disabilities : JARID · 2026Article
- Test-retest reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 instrument for children with Down syndrome.African journal of disability · 2026Article
- Why Motor Competence Matters: Fundamental Movement Skills and Their Role in Promoting Physical Activity and Health in Czech Children Aged 9-10 Years.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of three process-oriented assessment tools for identifying fundamental motor skills proficiency in children.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessing the Measurement Properties of the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 Using the COSMIN Methodology-A Systematic Review.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Prevalence of fundamental movement skill mastery in school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic review.BMJ open sport & exercise medicine · 2025Article
- Cross-sectional survey of gender differences in gross motor skills among preschool children in Jinhua City, China.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Movement Skill Competence for Young Norwegian Children.Perceptual and motor skills · 2024Article
- Fundamental Stability Skills: Reliability Analysis Using theChildren (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Impact of Swimming on Fundamental Movement Skill Development in Children (3-11 Years): A Systematic Literature Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Direct Parent Engagement to Improve Fundamental Movement Skills in Children: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo identify, synthesise and evaluate studies that investigated the reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) variants.
methodsA systematic search was employed to identify studies that have investigated internal consistency, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the TGMD variants through Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sport Discus and Web of Science databases.
resultsOf the 265 studies identified, 23 were included. Internal consistency, evaluated in 14 studies, confirming good-to-excellent consistency for the overall score and general motor quotient (GMQ), and acceptable-to-excellent levels in both subscales (locomotor and ball skills). Inter-rater reliability, evaluated in 19 studies, showing good-to-excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values in locomotor skills score, ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ. Intra-rater reliability, evaluated in 13 studies, displaying excellent ICC values in overall score and GMQ, and good-to-excellent ICC values in locomotor skills score and ball skills score. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 studies with 100% of the statistics reported above the threshold of acceptable reliability when ICC was not used. Studies with ICC statistic showed good-to-excellent values in ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ; and moderate-to-excellent values in locomotor skills score.
conclusionsOverall, the results of this systematic review indicate that, regardless of the variant of the test, the TMGD has moderate-to-excellent internal consistency, good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability, good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, and moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability. Considering the few high-quality studies in terms of internal consistency, it would be recommend to carry out further studies in this field to improve their quality. Since there is no gold standard for assessing FMS, TGMD variants could be appropriate when opting for a psychometrical robust test. However, standardized training protocols for coding TGMD variants seem to be necessary both for researchers and practitioners in order to ensure acceptable reliability.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.