ArticleEnvironmental monitoring and assessment2020
Occurrence and diversity of waterborne fungi and associated mycotoxins in treated drinking water distribution system in South Africa: implications on water quality and public health.
Article in Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- T-2 Toxin Neurotoxicity: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Chemoprotective Strategies.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Greywater Reuse: Contaminant Profile, Health Implications, and Sustainable Solutions.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Case report: contamination of a drinking water distribution system byJournal of water and health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and health risk evaluations of mycotoxins in drinking water sources in Nigeria.RSC advances · 2024Article
- Urinary Aflatoxin M1 Concentration and Its Determinants in School-Age Children in Southern Ethiopia.Nutrients · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Despite increased public health concerns on the occurrences of potentially pathogenic/mycotoxigenic fungi in public drinking water system, dissemination of hygienically relevant fungi and their associated mycotoxins via distribution system under the dual burden of ageing infrastructure and ancillary distribution network lacking infrastructure for high-pressure water delivery systems is unknown. In this study, the diversity of fungi and occurrence of mycotoxins at 30 different points along treated piped water supply and ancillary distribution networks in Johannesburg, South Africa, were monitored for 12 months. Mycological analysis using cultural and molecular methods yielded 282 fungi belonging to phylum Ascomycota, having Aspergillus (91%), Penicillium (65%) and Trichoderma (31%) as dominant genera, with Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium citrinum, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Aspergillus flavus as the most prevalent species. Communal standpipe and reservoir outlets had significantly higher prevalence than other water samples. There was no strong correlation between total coliforms (r = 0.4266) and residual chlorine (r = - 0.1937), and fungal prevalence at p < 0.05. LC-MS/MS analysis detected aflatoxins B1, M1, G1 and G2 in 50, 9, 9 and 46% of water samples analysed, respectively, ranging between 0 and 3.18 ng/l. Deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl DON and 15-acetyl DON levels were between 8.4-96.1, 18.7-145.7 and 15.2-71.6 ng/l, respectively. However, the estimated average daily dose (ADD) for detected mycotoxins was below the tolerable daily intake (TDI), suggesting no toxicological risk. Presence of potentially mycotoxigenic fungi, despite the low toxicological risk, demonstrates a need for appropriate monitoring for fungi and mycotoxins in treated drinking water distribution systems for improved water quality and long-term public health assurance.
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