ArticleDiabetes2020
Aging, Male Sex, Obesity, and Metabolic Inflammation Create the Perfect Storm for COVID-19.
Article in Diabetes, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04865029 (Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease), which is not on this map. Cited by 108 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Acute Estradiol and Progesterone Therapy in Hospitalized Adults to Reduce Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Severity: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
108 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 172 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Comorbidities, Associated Diseases, and Risk Assessment in COVID-19-A Systematic Review.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Prognostic Role of Metabolic Syndrome in COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review Meta-Analysis.Viruses · 2021Pooled it
- Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalized adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomized control trial.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Trial
- Acute estradiol and progesterone therapy in hospitalised adults to reduce COVID-19 severity: a randomised control trial.BMJ open · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Effects of very low volume high intensity versus moderate intensity interval training in obese metabolic syndrome patients: a randomized controlled study.Scientific reports · 2021Trial
- Risk Factors for Mortality Associated With Influenza Infection in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Observational Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Serum lipidome remodeling in viral pneumonia: from pathophysiology to therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Associations of hypoglycemic medications, cordycepin and vaccination with clinical outcomes in diabetic kidney disease patients with COVID-19.Renal failure · 2025Article
- Climate Change, Racism, and Food Insecurity: Cyclical Impacts of Stressors Exacerbate Health Disparities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
- Sex and Gender Influences on the Impacts of Disasters: A Rapid Review of Evidence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Review
- Telomere Length as Both Cause and Consequence in Type 1 Diabetes: Evidence from Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Article
- The relationship between gut and nasopharyngeal microbiome composition can predict the severity of COVID-19.eLife · 2025Observational
- Metabolic syndrome enhances SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and reduces mRNA vaccine efficacy in a mouse model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- COVID-19 and β-thalassemia: in lieu of evidence and vague nexus.Annals of hematology · 2024Review
- Review
- Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Coinciding Pandemics of Obesity and COVID-19: Worse than Bad.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
48 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel threat that seems to result from the collusion between a new pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and an existing pandemic of metabolic disease driven by obesity. This Perspective explores the evolving epidemiological, clinical, biological, and molecular evidence to propose an unfolding paradigm in which old age, chronic metabolic disease (such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome), and male biological sex produce a deadly symbiosis of dysregulated immunometabolism and chronic systemic inflammation that intensifies virally induced hyperinflammation associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is intended to inspire new research directions and stimulate funding in this field.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.