ArticleThe Science of the total environment2020
Social and spatial distribution of soil lead concentrations in the City of Santa Ana, California: Implications for health inequities.
Article in The Science of the total environment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Soil Lead Risks Associated With Urbanization Histories in Springfield MA and Hartford CT, USA.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Get the Lead Out: A Community-Driven Approach to Characterize Urban Soil Lead Levels near a Battery Smelter.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- The Burdens of Idiopathic Developmental Intellectual Disability Attributable to Lead Exposure from 1990 to 2023 and a Projection to 2050 in the USA: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Community-engaged analysis of soil lead contamination near a historical metallurgy facility in Los Angeles, California.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2026Article
- Assessing Dietary Consumption of Toxicant-Laden Foods and Beverages by Age and Ethnicity in California: Implications for Proposition 65.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Modeling Wildfire Effects on Ecosystem Services in two Disparate California Watersheds and Communities.Environmental management · 2025Article
- A Community-Based Assessment of Attitudes, Health Impacts and Protective Actions During the 24-Day Hangar Fire in Tustin, California.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021.Current environmental health reports · 2023Article
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- Predicting Low-Level Childhood Lead Exposure in Metro Atlanta Using Ensemble Machine Learning of High-Resolution Raster Cells.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Race and Street-Level Firework Legalization as Primary Determinants of July 4th Air Pollution across Southern California.Atmosphere · 2023Article
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- Risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination at the census tract level in the city of Santa Ana, CA: implications for health and environmental justice.Environmental science. Processes & impacts · 2021Article
- Soil Lead (Pb) in New Orleans: A Spatiotemporal and Racial Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLead (Pb) exposure is a problem that disproportionately impacts low-income communities and communities of color. We applied a community-based participatory research approach to assess the distribution of soil Pb concentrations and related social vulnerabilities across Census tracts in Santa Ana, CA.
methodsSoil Pb samples (n = 1528) were collected by the ¡Plo-NO! Santa Ana! Lead-Free Santa Ana! partnership in 2018 across Santa Ana, CA, at a high spatial resolution and measured using XRF analysis. Pb concentrations were mapped and spatial interpolation was conducted to generate a continuous smoothed map of soil Pb concentrations across the city. American Community Survey data was used to examine Pb across Census tracts based on social and economic factors, and to allow for the development of a Cumulative Risk Index to identify areas at high risk of health impacts.
resultsSoil Pb concentrations varied by landuse type and socioeconomic factors. Census tracts with a median household income below $50,000 had over five times higher soil Pb concentrations than high-income Census tracts. Soil samples collected in tertiles with the highest percent children, residents without health insurance, renter-occupied housing units, and lowest percent college educated residents had 90.0%, 96.1%, 75.2%, and 87.0% higher Pb concentrations on average, respectively, compared to their counterparts. Overall, 52.7% of residential samples had Pb concentrations in excess of the 80 ppm California EPA recommendation, and 11 Census tracts were characterized as high risk according to our Cumulative Risk Index. DISCUSSION: This study underscores the need for precautionary measures relating to disturbances of the soil, particularly for areas where children play outside, given children's higher absorption of lead. It also informs environmental justice initiatives and identifies vulnerable subpopulations at greater risk of Pb exposure, thus warranting community-driven recommendations for policies and initiatives to remediate soil Pb and protect public health and health equity.
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