A Statistical Shape Model Approach for Computing Left Ventricle Volume and Ejection Fraction Using Multi-plane Ultrasound Images.

Assessing the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) accurately requires 3D volumetric data of the LV. Cardiologists either have no access to 3D ultrasound (US) systems or prefer to visually estimate LVEF based on 2D US images. To facilitate the consistent estimation of the end-diastolic and end-systolic blood pool volume and LVEF based on 3D data without extensive complicated manual input, we propose a statistical shape model (SSM) based on 13 key anchor points-the LV apex (1), mitral valve hinges (6), and the midpoints of the endocardial contours (6)-identified from the LV endocardial contour of the tri-plane 2D US images. We use principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the principle modes of variation needed to represent the LV shapes, which enables us to estimate an incoming LV as a linear combination of the principle components (PC). For a new, incoming patient image, its 13 anchor points are projected onto the PC space; its shape is compared to each LV shape in the SSM based on Mahalanobis distance, which is normalized with respect to the LV size, as well as direct vector distance (i.e., PCA distance), without any size normalization. These distances are used to determine the weight each training shape in the SSM contributes to the description of the new patient LV shape. Finally, the new patient's LV systolic and diastolic volumes are estimated as the weighted average of the training volumes in the SSM. To assess our proposed method, we compared the SSM-based estimates of diastolic, systolic, stroke volumes, and LVEF with those computed directly from 16 tri-plane 2D US imaging datasets using the GE Echo-Pac PC clinical platform. The estimated LVEF based on Mahalanobis distance and PCA distance were within 6.8% and 1.7% of the reference LVEF computed using the GE Echo-Pac PC clinical platform.