ArticleBMC psychiatry2020
The association between recalled parental rearing behavior and depressiveness: a comparison between 1st immigrants and non-immigrants in the population-based Gutenberg Health Study.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Childhood Experience to Professional Response: Sequential Mediation of Well-Being and Cognitive Flexibility Among South Korean Early Childhood Educators.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The relationship between social support and psychological crisis vulnerability among family impoverished undergraduates: the intermediary role of psychological resilience.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- The impact of parenting styles on depression among high-risk adolescents of different genders in chinese urban samples: the mediating effects of adverse childhood experiences and learning burnout.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
- Impact of depersonalization on the course of depression: longitudinal observations from the gutenberg health study.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Effects of parenting mode on student adaptability: the mediating effect of irrational beliefs.BMC psychiatry · 2022Article
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14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundStudies in immigrant youth have suggested differences in parenting patterns by immigration status. Knowledge of variation in recalled parenting pattern and its distinctive impact on mental health in adult immigrants, however, is limited. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate similarities and differences in recalled maternal and paternal rearing behavior and its association with depressiveness in adult 1st generation immigrants compared to non-immigrants.
methodsSeven hundred and forty-three 1st generation immigrants (M = 57.4, SD = 10.1 years) and 6518 non-immigrants (M = 60.3, SD = 10.7 years) participated in a population-based study. Regarding countries of origin, the largest subgroups were immigrants from Eastern-Europe, Former-SU, and Arabic-Islamic countries. All participants completed the ultra-short version of The Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior-questionnaire and the PHQ-9 assessing depressiveness. Multiple linear regressions with depressiveness as outcome variable were analyzed separately for each facet of parental rearing behavior adjusting for socio-demographic and migration-related variables.
resultsIn addition to differences in depressiveness and socioeconomic status, 1st generation immigrants recalled both their mothers and fathers as more controlling and overprotecting than non-immigrants. Parental emotional warmth was negatively associated with depressiveness across all groups. The relationship between parental control, respectively parental rejection and depressiveness, however, varied in direction and severity between the groups.
conclusionThe results support the notion that parental warmth is a universal protective factor against depressiveness, whereas the impact of parental control on mental health might be more culturally influenced. Analyses point to the importance of considering the unique contribution of fathers' rearing behavior on mental health, particularly in immigrant samples.
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