ArticleNature2020
A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Nature, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 305 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
305 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 533 citations in OpenAlex.
- SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection Is a New Challenge for the Effectiveness of Global Vaccination Campaign: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported in Literature.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2-neutralising monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of two neutralising monoclonal antibody therapies, sotrovimab and BRII-196 plus BRII-198, for adults hospitalised with COVID-19 (TICO): a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Hyperimmune immunoglobulin for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 (ITAC): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3, randomised trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Trial
- Review
- Nonclinical investigation of the potential of MHAA4549A, an anti-influenza A therapeutic antibody, to mediate antibody-dependent enhancement.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2026Article
- Article
- Long COVID: a review of mechanisms and treatment modalities.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Proteomic signals are not equal clinical phenotypes: redefining evidence standards in arbovirus-SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactivity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Fc-mediated antibody functions are associated with disease severity in COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- FcγR-ACE2 cooperative antibody-dependent enhancement in human and veterinary coronaviruses: mechanistic insights, comparative immunology, and implications for nano-engineered immunomodulatory platforms.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development of a ferritin-based subunit nanoparticle vaccine targeting the S-RBD of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2, the impact of variants and vaccination.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Effect of COVID-19 infection on thyroid function status and clinical indexes among hypothyroid outpatients.Virulence · 2025Article
- Understanding the Immune System's Intricate Balance: Activation, Tolerance, and Self-Protection.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Low Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Viral Entry Activity Supports the Safety of Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Article
- Computationally designed multi-epitope vaccine construct targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein elicits robust immune responses in silico.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Virus-Induced Pathogenic Antibodies: Lessons from Long COVID and Dengue Hemorrhage Fever.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
245 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease is a general concern for the development of vaccines and antibody therapies because the mechanisms that underlie antibody protection against any virus have a theoretical potential to amplify the infection or trigger harmful immunopathology. This possibility requires careful consideration at this critical point in the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here we review observations relevant to the risks of ADE of disease, and their potential implications for SARS-CoV-2 infection. At present, there are no known clinical findings, immunological assays or biomarkers that can differentiate any severe viral infection from immune-enhanced disease, whether by measuring antibodies, T cells or intrinsic host responses. In vitro systems and animal models do not predict the risk of ADE of disease, in part because protective and potentially detrimental antibody-mediated mechanisms are the same and designing animal models depends on understanding how antiviral host responses may become harmful in humans. The implications of our lack of knowledge are twofold. First, comprehensive studies are urgently needed to define clinical correlates of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Second, because ADE of disease cannot be reliably predicted after either vaccination or treatment with antibodies-regardless of what virus is the causative agent-it will be essential to depend on careful analysis of safety in humans as immune interventions for COVID-19 move forward.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.