ReviewTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders2020
Sex effects across the lifespan in women with multiple sclerosis.
Review in Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Meta-synthesis of the motherhood-related needs of women with multiple sclerosis.BMC women's health · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of menopause on relapse rate and disability level in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Virtual Reality-Based Therapy Improves Fatigue, Impact, and Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Pooled it
- Trial
- Sex- and age-specific associations ofAnnals of medicine · 2026Article
- Targeting hormone treatment for the brain in menopause.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Sex-related and age-related differences in healthcare use before multiple sclerosis symptom onset: a matched cohort study.Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex and gender-related differences in neurological diseases: current challenges and recommendations for clinical practice.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Influence of age and sex on presymptomatic phases of neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.Revue neurologique · 2025Review
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Disease course after pregnancy in women with progressive multiple sclerosis symptoms.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Observational
- Four years on: Pregnancy and birth outcomes reported in the MSBase pregnancy, neonatal outcomes, and Women's Health Registry (2020-2024).Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Article
- Effects of androgen modifying therapies on disease activity in older men with multiple sclerosis.Journal of neuroimmunology · 2025Observational
- Upper cervical spinal cord atrophy in MS: Sex, menopause, and neurodegeneration.Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England) · 2025Article
- Association between dietary carbohydrate intake and multiple sclerosis risk: a large-scale cohort study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- The influence of menopause on multiple sclerosis.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Review
- B-cell Depletion Therapy in Pediatric Neuroinflammatory Disease.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Alterations in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis as a Response to Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis inBiomolecules · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
30 authors at 20 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating central nervous system disorder that is more common in women, with onset often during reproductive years. The female:male sex ratio of MS rose in several regions over the last century, suggesting a possible sex by environmental interaction increasing MS risk in women. Since many with MS are in their childbearing years, family planning, including contraceptive and disease-modifying therapy (DMT) counselling, are important aspects of MS care in women. While some DMTs are likely harmful to the developing fetus, others can be used shortly before or until pregnancy is confirmed. Overall, pregnancy decreases risk of MS relapses, whereas relapse risk may increase postpartum, although pregnancy does not appear to be harmful for long-term prognosis of MS. However, ovarian aging may contribute to disability progression in women with MS. Here, we review sex effects across the lifespan in women with MS, including the effect of sex on MS susceptibility, effects of pregnancy on MS disease activity, and management strategies around pregnancy, including risks associated with DMT use before and during pregnancy, and while breastfeeding. We also review reproductive aging and sexual dysfunction in women with MS.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.