SynthesisTransboundary and emerging diseases2021
A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses.
Synthesis in Transboundary and emerging diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of New, Enhanced Surveillance Systems and Methodologies for Zoonotic Influenza Viruses in Animals and Human-Animal Interface.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Pooled it
- A literature review of the use of environmental sampling in the surveillance of avian influenza viruses.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Subtype 5 in Cetaceans, Brazil.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Optimizing wild bird fecal surveillance sites for HPAI through risk estimation using machine learning algorithms.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Environmental samples, a sensitive and practical alternative to individual bird sampling in the surveillance of H9N2 vaccinated turkey flocks.The Journal of general virology · 2026Article
- Optimization of environmental air sampling for viral metagenomics in a cave-roosting bat assemblage.One health outlook · 2026Article
- Dairy Sites with Milk Exposure Are Most Likely to Have Detection of Influenza A Virus.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Avian influenza virus dynamics in poultry and the environment: an eight-year longitudinal study in the southwestern Poyang Lake region of China.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2025Article
- Dairy Environments with Milk Exposure are Most Likely to Have Detection of Influenza A Virus.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Predictiveness and drivers of highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Europe.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Optimal sampling frequency and site selection for wastewater and environmental surveillance of infectious pathogens: A value of information assessment.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Risk for Waterborne Transmission and Environmental Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus in a Wildlife/Domestic Interface in Mexico.Food and environmental virology · 2024Article
- Evolution and biological characteristics of H11 avian influenza viruses isolated from migratory birds and pigeons.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Effect of stabilizers on the detection of swine influenza A virus (swIAV) in spiked oral fluids over time.Porcine health management · 2024Article
- Avian Influenza: Lessons from Past Outbreaks and an Inventory of Data Sources, Mathematical and AI Models, and Early Warning Systems for Forecasting and Hotspot Detection to Tackle Ongoing Outbreaks.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Isolation and genetic characteristics of Novel H4N1 Avian Influenza viruses in ChongQing, China.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Genetic Diversity of Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Waterbirds in Northeast Italy Using Two Different Sampling Strategies.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Targeted genomic sequencing of avian influenza viruses in wetland sediment from wild bird habitats.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2024Article
- Transboundary determinants of avian zoonotic infectious diseases: challenges for strengthening research capacity and connecting surveillance networks.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- Utility of Feathers for Avian Influenza Virus Detection in Commercial Poultry.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs, focussing on effectiveness, advantages and gaps in knowledge. ES have been used effectively for AI surveillance since the 1970s. Results from ES have enhanced understanding of the biology of AI viruses in wild birds and in markets, of links between human and avian influenza, provided early warning of viral incursions, allowed assessment of effectiveness of control and preventive measures, and assisted epidemiological studies in outbreaks, both avian and human. Variation exists in the methods and protocols used, and no internationally recognized guidelines exist on the use of ES and data management. Few studies have performed direct comparisons of ES versus live bird samples (LBS). Results reported so far demonstrate reliance on ES will not be sufficient to detect virus in all cases when it is present, especially when the prevalence of infection/contamination is low. Multiple sample types should be collected. In live bird markets, ES from processing/selling areas are more likely to test positive than samples from bird holding areas. When compared to LBS, ES is considered a cost-effective, simple, rapid, flexible, convenient and acceptable way of achieving surveillance objectives. As a non-invasive technique, it can minimize effects on animal welfare and trade in markets and reduce impacts on wild bird communities. Some limitations of environmental sampling methods have been identified, such as the loss of species-specific or information on the source of virus, and taxonomic-level analyses, unless additional methods are applied. Some studies employing ES have not provided detailed methods. In others, where ES and LBS are collected from the same site, positive results have not been assigned to specific sample types. These gaps should be remedied in future studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.