ReviewApplied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme2021
The impact of thermal pasteurization on viral load and detectable live viruses in human milk and other matrices: a rapid review.
Review in Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed.
- Virucidal Efficacy of Holder Pasteurization of Breast Milk in a Portable Device.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A Framework for Evaluation of New Processing Technologies in Human Milk Banking.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2025Review
- Ultraviolet-C Treatment Better Preserves the Proteomic Profile of Donor Human Milk than Holder Pasteurization.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2025Article
- Thermal inactivation spectrum of influenza A H5N1 virus in raw milk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Rapid risk assessment to address emerging concerns of HPAI in raw and pasteurized milk.PloS one · 2025Article
- Does pasteurization inactivate bird flu virus in milk?Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Avian Influenza Virus A(H5Nx) and Prepandemic Candidate Vaccines: State of the Art.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Microbiome: Mammalian milk microbiomes: sources of diversity, potential functions, and future research directions.Reproduction & fertility · 2024Review
- Evaluation of alternative methods of tunnel composting (submitted by the European Composting Network) II.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2024Article
- Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection?Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2023Review
- Impact of time-temperature combinations on the anti-Cytomegalovirus activity and biological components of human milk.Pediatric research · 2023Article
- Article
- How Can We Prevent Mother-to-Child Transmission of HTLV-1?International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Recommendations for the establishment and operation of a donor human milk bank.Nutrition reviews · 2023Article
- Article
- Preservation of Anti-cytomegalovirus Activity in Human Milk Following High-Pressure Processing Compared to Holder Pasteurization.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on North American milk banks.Maternal & child nutrition · 2021Article
- Review
- The Effect of Common Viral Inactivation Techniques on 16S rRNA Amplicon-Based Analysis of the Gut Microbiota.Microorganisms · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Holder pasteurization (62.5 °C, 30 min) of human milk is thought to reduce the risk of transmitting viruses to an infant. Some viruses may be secreted into milk - others may be contaminants. The effect of thermal pasteurization on viruses in human milk has yet to be rigorously reviewed. The objective of this study is to characterize the effect of common pasteurization techniques on viruses in human milk and non-human milk matrices. Databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science) were searched from inception to April 20th, 2020, for primary research articles assessing the impact of pasteurization on viral load or detection of live virus. Reviews were excluded, as were studies lacking quantitative measurements or those assessing pasteurization as a component of a larger process. Overall, of 65 131 reports identified, 109 studies were included. Pasteurization of human milk at a minimum temperature of 56-60 °C is effective at reducing detectable live virus. In cell culture media or plasma, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV) are highly susceptible to heating at ≥56 °C. Although pasteurization parameters and matrices reported vary, all viruses studied, except parvoviruses, were susceptible to thermal killing. Future research important for the study of novel viruses should standardize pasteurization protocols and should test inactivation in human milk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
32650645What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.