ArticleAdvances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences2020
Examination of WHO/INRUD Core Drug Use Indicators at Public Primary Healthcare Centers in Kisii County, Kenya.
Article in Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Pooled it
- A Systematic Review on Evaluation of WHO Core Prescribing Indicators Across Healthcare Facilities in Low Resource Asian Setting: A Case of Nepal.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingPooled it
- Antidiabetic prescribing patterns, quality, and economic influence in resource-limited settings: evidence from a Pakistani tertiary care hospital using WHO/INRUD indicators.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Drug use patterns at a Kenyan referral hospital: A cross-sectional study using WHO core indicators.PloS one · 2026Article
- Irrational medicine use and its associated factors in conflict-affected areas in Mali: a cross-sectional study.Global health action · 2025Article
- Prescription Audit in Outpatient Pharmacy of a Tertiary Care Referral Hospital in Haryana Using World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (WHO/INRUD) Core Prescribing Indicators: A Step Towards Refining Drug Use and Patient Care.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Evaluation of Prescription Practices Using WHO/INRUD Indicators and Determinants of Polypharmacy at a Kenyan County Referral Hospital.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2025Article
- Comparative assessment of rational use of drugs in public and private hospital pharmacies: a multicenter cross-sectional study using INRUD/WHO prescribing indicators.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2025Article
- Analysis of the pattern of drug use using WHO core drug indicators among general OPD patients in rural Puducherry.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Antimicrobial Use Among Outpatients at Benjamin Mkapa Hospital in Dodoma Central Zone of Tanzania: A Prospective Descriptive Study.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Assessment of antibiotic prescribing pattern and cost for hospitalized patients: A study from Palestine.PloS one · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Rational Medicines Use Based on World Health Organization Core Indicators: A Cross-Sectional Study in Five Health Districts in Mauritania.Integrated pharmacy research & practice · 2024Article
- Evaluating drug use patterns among paediatric outpatients in Burundi.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Rational Drug Use Based on WHO/INRUD Core Drug Use Indicators in a Secondary Care Hospital: A Cross-Sectional Study in Western Uganda.Drug, healthcare and patient safety · 2023Article
- Investigating the relationship between consultation length and quality of tele-dermatology E-consults in China: a cross-sectional standardized patient study.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Drivers of irrational use of antibiotics among children: a mixed-method study among prescribers and dispensers in Tanzania.BMC health services research · 2022Article
- Assessment of drug use in primary health centers in Lagos State, Nigeria.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Observational
- Article
- Drug use pattern using WHO core drug use indicators in public health centers of Dessie, North-East Ethiopia.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2021Article
- Assessment of Drug Use Practices Using Standard WHO Indicators in Lumame Primary Hospital.Drug, healthcare and patient safety · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIrrational drug use is a global problem. However, the extent of the problem is higher in low-income countries. This study sets out to assess and characterize drug use at the public primary healthcare centers (PPHCCs) in a rural county in Kenya, using the World Health Organization/International Network for the Rational Use of Drugs (WHO/INRUD) core drug use indicators methodology.
methodsTen PPHCCs were randomly selected. From each PPHCC, ninety prescriptions from October to December 2018 were sampled and data extracted. Three hundred (30 per PPHCC) patients and ten (1 per PPHCC) dispensers were also observed and interviewed. The WHO/INRUD core drug use indicators were used to assess the patterns of drug use.
resultsThe average number of drugs per prescription was 2.9 (SD 0.5) (recommended: 1.6-1.8), and the percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names was 27.7% (recommended: 100%); the percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic was 84.8% (recommended: 20.0-26.8%), and with an injection prescribed was 24.9% (recommended: 13.4-24.1%). The percentage of prescribed drugs from the Kenya Essential Medicines List was 96.7% (recommended: 100%). The average consultation time was 4.1 min (SD 1.7) (recommended: ≥10 min), the average dispensing time was 131.5 sec (SD 41.5) (recommended: ≥90 sec), the percentage of drugs actually dispensed was 76.3% (recommended: 100%), the percentage of drugs adequately labeled was 22.6% (recommended: 100%), and the percentage of patients with correct knowledge of dispensed drugs was 54.7% (recommended: 100%). Only 20% of the PPHCCs had a copy of KEML available, and 80% of the selected essential drugs assessed were available.
conclusionThe survey shows irrational drug use practices, particularly polypharmacy, nongeneric prescribing, overuse of antibiotics, short consultation time, and inadequacy of drug labeling. Effective programs and activities promoting the rational use of drugs are the key interventions suggested at all the health facilities.
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