ArticleCell2020
A Universal Design of Betacoronavirus Vaccines against COVID-19, MERS, and SARS.
Article in Cell, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 319 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
319 citing papers in PubMed, 522 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety of heterologous boosting with a novel chimera Chinese mRNA (RQ3013) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: A randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- An open-label study on the safety and immunogenicity of a PD-1-enhanced DNA vaccine used as a T cell booster for COVID-19.EBioMedicine · 2025Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of the RBD-Dimer-Based Covid-19 Vaccine ZF2001 in Adults.The New England journal of medicine · 2022Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of heterologous recombinant protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) booster against COVID-19 at 3-9-month intervals following two-dose inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac).Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Engineering a dimeric porcine deltacoronavirus S-RBD subunit vaccine for enhanced immunogenicity and neutralizing antibody responses.BMC veterinary research · 2026Article
- An Engineered HR1-Stem Helix-HR2 Trimeric Platform for Developing Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Vaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- The first key for the Priority Pathogens: Protective immunogens in development of vaccines and medications.Biosafety and health · 2026Review
- Addressing the zoonotic threat of merbecoviruses.Nature microbiology · 2026Review
- Broadly Protective Antibody-Like Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals pediatric immune responses to COVID-19 vaccination.iScience · 2026Article
- Investigating the effects and underlying mechanisms of glycosylation sites on the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccines.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- A self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine displaying chimeric and trimeric RBD-HRC elicits broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against multiple coronaviruses.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- An innovative nasal nanovaccine against SARS-CoV-2 induces systemic and upper airway immunity controlling viral replication.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of MERS CoV, NL140422, and HKU4 spike protein nanoparticle vaccines.Npj viruses · 2026Article
- Direct Cytoplasmic Transcription and Trimeric RBD Design Synergize to Enhance DNA Vaccine Potency Against SARS-CoV-2.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Advances in linear epitope-based subunit vaccines powered by artificial intelligence: current status and challenges.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Development of a ferritin-based subunit nanoparticle vaccine targeting the S-RBD of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Alternative antigen retention by a gp96-fusion approach induces long-lasting and broad immunity in mice.Nature communications · 2025Article
259 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccines are urgently needed to control the ongoing pandemic COVID-19 and previously emerging MERS/SARS caused by coronavirus (CoV) infections. The CoV spike receptor-binding domain (RBD) is an attractive vaccine target but is undermined by limited immunogenicity. We describe a dimeric form of MERS-CoV RBD that overcomes this limitation. The RBD-dimer significantly increased neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers compared to conventional monomeric form and protected mice against MERS-CoV infection. Crystal structure showed RBD-dimer fully exposed dual receptor-binding motifs, the major target for NAbs. Structure-guided design further yielded a stable version of RBD-dimer as a tandem repeat single-chain (RBD-sc-dimer) which retained the vaccine potency. We generalized this strategy to design vaccines against COVID-19 and SARS, achieving 10- to 100-fold enhancement of NAb titers. RBD-sc-dimers in pilot scale production yielded high yields, supporting their scalability for further clinical development. The framework of immunogen design can be universally applied to other beta-CoV vaccines to counter emerging threats.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.