ArticleJournal of medical virology2021
Chronic treatment with hydroxychloroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Journal of medical virology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Repurposed drug studies on the primary prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open respiratory research · 2023Pooled it
- Interleukin-6 Is a Biomarker for the Development of Fatal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pneumonia.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Trial
- Impact of prophylactic hydroxychloroquine on ultrastructural impairment and cellular SARS-CoV-2 infection in different cells of bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of COVID-19 patients.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematous in COVID-19 Era.Viruses · 2023Review
- Psychosocial impact of SARS- CoV-2 outbreak on patients with pediatric-onset systemic lupus erythematosus and their caregivers.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2022Article
- Baseline use of hydroxychloroquine or immunosuppressive drugs and the risk of coronavirus disease 2019.The Korean journal of internal medicine · 2022Article
- Effect of chronic hydroxychloroquine use on COVID-19 risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus: a multicenter retrospective cohort.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Article
- Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019.Annals of medicine · 2021Review
- Risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with rheumatic disease taking disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs.Clinical rheumatology · 2021Article
- What makes (hydroxy)chloroquine ineffective against COVID-19: insights from cell biology.Journal of molecular cell biology · 2021Review
- Hydroxychloroquine as a primary prophylactic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection: A cohort study.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2021Article
- Does hydroxychloroquine still have any role in the COVID-19 pandemic?Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy · 2021Article
- The time to offer treatments for COVID-19.Expert opinion on investigational drugs · 2021Review
- Hydroxychloroquine in the post-COVID-19 era: will this pandemic upset decades of clinical practice?Clinical rheumatology · 2021Review
- Chronic treatment with hydroxychloroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infection.Journal of medical virology · 2021Article
- Epidemiology and Clinical Management of Rheumatic Autoimmune Diseases in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.Frontiers in medicine · 2021Review
- Thoughts From the Trenches: Should We Look at the "Healthy"?Frontiers in public health · 2020Article
- Rheumatic Musculoskeletal Diseases and COVID-19 A Review of the First 6 Months of the Pandemic.Frontiers in medicine · 2020Review
- Flattening the Risk: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19.Infection and drug resistance · 2020Article
- Potentials of Interferons and Hydroxychloroquine for the Prophylaxis and Early Treatment of COVID-19.Journal of cellular immunology · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (HCQ) is being scrutinized for repositioning in the treatment and prevention of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This antimalarial drug is also chronically used to treat patients with autoimmune diseases. By analyzing the Portuguese anonymized data on private and public based medical prescriptions we have identified all cases chronically receiving HCQ for the management of diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and other autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we have detected all laboratory confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection and all laboratory confirmed negative cases in the Portuguese population (mandatorily registered in a centrally managed database). Cross linking the two sets of data has allowed us to compare the proportion of HCQ chronic treatment (at least 2 grams per month) in laboratory confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with laboratory confirmed negative cases. Out of 26 815 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients, 77 (0.29%) were chronically treated with HCQ, while 1215 (0.36%) out of 333 489 negative patients were receiving it chronically (P = .04). After adjustment for age, sex, and chronic treatment with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressants, the odds ratio of SARS-CoV-2 infection for chronic treatment with HCQ has been 0.51 (0.37-0.70). Our data suggest that chronic treatment with HCQ confer protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.