ReviewNucleic acids research2020
A critical analysis of methods used to investigate the cellular uptake and subcellular localization of RNA therapeutics.
Review in Nucleic acids research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Precision Lipid Management in the Era of Biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence: From Gene Editing to Smart Drug Delivery.Therapeutic innovation & regulatory science · 2026Review
- Extracellular-Vesicle-Associated Nucleic Acids in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases: A Narrative Review.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Physical and Chemical Methods for DNA Vaccine Delivery: Insights into the Melanoma Landscape.Molecular biotechnology · 2026Review
- Model selection in preclinical nucleic acid therapeutics research.Communications biology · 2026Review
- One size does not fit all: A comparative framework for optimizing ribonucleic acid transfection across acute myeloid leukemia cell lines.Biology methods & protocols · 2026Article
- A proximity-labeling-based approach to directly detect mRNA delivery to specific subcellular locations.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2025Article
- Article
- 30 Years Since the Proposal of Exon Skipping Therapy for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and the Future of Pseudoexon Skipping.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Copper-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanoplatform for miRNA Delivery: Synergistic Antitumor Therapy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2025Article
- Immune modulatory microRNAs in tumors, their clinical relevance in diagnosis and therapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Review
- Research progress on miR-124-3p in the field of kidney disease.BMC nephrology · 2024Review
- Recent advances in methods for quantifying the cell penetration of macromolecules.Current opinion in chemical biology · 2024Review
- Comparing Cell Penetration of Biotherapeutics across Human Cell Lines.ACS chemical biology · 2024Article
- Article
- Trials and Tribulations of MicroRNA Therapeutics.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- MicroRNAs as Key Regulators in RA and SLE: Insights into Biological Functions.Current pharmaceutical design · 2024Review
- Peptide-conjugated antimiRs improve myotonic dystrophy type 1 phenotypes by promoting endogenous MBNL1 expression.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2023Article
- Localization of unlabeled bepirovirsen antisense oligonucleotide in murine tissues using in situ hybridization and CARS imaging.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2023Article
- 5-Dihydroxyboryluridine enhances cytosolic penetration of antisense oligonucleotides.Chemical communications (Cambridge, England) · 2023Article
- Investigation of Sequence-Penetration Relationships of Antisense Oligonucleotides.Chembiochem : a European journal of chemical biology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
RNA therapeutics are a promising strategy to treat genetic diseases caused by the overexpression or aberrant splicing of a specific protein. The field has seen major strides in the clinical efficacy of this class of molecules, largely due to chemical modifications and delivery strategies that improve nuclease resistance and enhance cell penetration. However, a major obstacle in the development of RNA therapeutics continues to be the imprecise, difficult, and often problematic nature of most methods used to measure cell penetration. Here, we review these methods and clearly distinguish between those that measure total cellular uptake of RNA therapeutics, which includes both productive and non-productive uptake, and those that measure cytosolic/nuclear penetration, which represents only productive uptake. We critically analyze the benefits and drawbacks of each method. Finally, we use key examples to illustrate how, despite rigorous experimentation and proper controls, our understanding of the mechanism of gymnotic uptake of RNA therapeutics remains limited by the methods commonly used to analyze RNA delivery.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.