ReviewHuman vaccines & immunotherapeutics2021
PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma: clinical studies, challenges and potential.
Review in Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 87 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
87 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 114 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unlocking glioblastoma: breakthroughs in molecular mechanisms and next-generation therapies.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Pooled it
- Molecular Biomarkers in Glioblastoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Whole-Transcriptome Profiling of Murine GL261 Glioma Reveals Signatures Consistent with Distinct Immune Reprogramming Induced by Oncolytic Virotherapy with VV-GMCSF-Lact and Anti-PD-1 Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- IFI30 reprograms glioblastoma-associated macrophage and induces immune evasion by MAFF/PTGS2 pathway.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of Therapeutic Resistance and Recent Advances in Glioblastoma Treatment.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Gastric-Type Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prognostic Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint crosstalk between LAG-3 and CD39/CD73 in glioblastoma: dual-pathway regulation of metabolic exhaustion and therapeutic reversal strategies.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Review
- Glioblastoma Stem Cells as Targets for Emerging Precision Immunotherapies and Molecular Treatments.Cells · 2026Review
- Inflammasomes in glioblastoma.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Small Particles, Big Impact: Inorganic Nanotechnology for Glioblastoma.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dual biomarker role of PD-L1 and LC3B in glioblastoma: prognostic and therapeutic potential.Neurosurgical review · 2026Review
- Molecular and Immune Mechanisms Governing Cancer Metastasis, Including Dormancy, Microenvironmental Niches, and Tumor-Specific Programs.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Chlorpromazine activates cGAS-STING signaling and reprograms the immune response in glioblastoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Reconceptualizing glioblastoma immunotherapy: a four-pillar framework to overcome multidimensional resistance.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- DNA-Loaded Nanoparticles Reprogram the Tumor Immune Microenvironment to Treat Brain Tumors.Small science · 2026Article
- PD-L1 autoregulation promotes the proliferation, migration and invasion of glioblastoma cells via GP130/JAK2/STAT3/IRAK2/IL6 signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Within and beyond the tumor: Mechanisms of glioblastoma-induced immunosuppression.Neuro-oncology advances · 2025Review
- Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
27 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (CIs) have changed the landscape of tumor immunotherapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults and has a very poor prognosis. Due to the high invasiveness and aggressiveness of GBM, there is considerable interest in programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) treatment. However, the immunosuppressive and immune-privileged characteristics of GBM limit the efficacy of CIs. While clinical studies of CI monotherapies have shown unsatisfactory survival benefits, new treatment strategies have received attention. Multiple clinical studies have focused on combination of standard therapy (temozolomide, radiotherapy), targeted therapy and other immunotherapies, and some have reported results. Here, we reviewed recent clinical trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy, studies with neoadjuvant strategies, and preclinical and clinical studies of combination immunotherapies for GBM. The preliminary clinical reports in certain subsets of patients with hypermutated or mismatch repair system deficiency GBM are also discussed.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.