Observational studyBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2021
Risperidone plasma concentrations are associated with side effects and effectiveness in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.
Observational study in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 79 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacological and dietary-supplement treatments for autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Molecular autism · 2022Pooled it
- Genetic PolymorphismsPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Serum concentrations of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and atypical antipsychotics in children and adolescents: data from routine clinical care.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Article
- Medical treatment of autism spectrum disorder in children: Current evidence, controversies, and clinical challenges.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2026Article
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Oxidative Stress-Related Genes Are Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- External validation of a therapeutic window for risperidone in children with autism spectrum disorder.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Article
- Efficacy and Safety of Risperidone Interventions in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Psychiatry and clinical psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Therapeutic drug monitoring in children and adolescents with schizophrenia-spectrum, affective, behavioural, tic and other psychiatric disorders treated with aripiprazole: results of the TDM-VIGIL pharmacovigilance study.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2025Article
- Unveiling the role of phytochemicals in autism spectrum disorder by employing network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation.Metabolic brain disease · 2024Article
- Mu-Suppression Neurofeedback Training Targeting the Mirror Neuron System: A Pilot Study.Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback · 2024Article
- The Frequency of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4/5 Genotypes and The Impact of Their Allele Translation and Phenoconversion-Predicted Enzyme Activity on Risperidone Pharmacokinetics in Saudi Children with Autism.Biochemical genetics · 2024Article
- Relationship between plasma risperidone concentrations and clinical features in chronic schizophrenic patients in China.World journal of psychiatry · 2024Article
- Risperidone plasma level, and its correlation with CYP2D6 gene polymorphism, clinical response and side effects in chronic schizophrenia patients.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Exploratory focused pharmacogenetic testing reveals novel markers associated with risperidone pharmacokinetics in Saudi children with autism.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Guava-fruit based synthesis of carbon quantum dots for spectrofluorometric quantitative analysis of risperidone in spiked human plasma and pharmaceutical dosage forms.RSC advances · 2023Article
- Effect of risperidone on morphine-induced conditioned place preference and dopamine receptor D2 gene expression in male rat hippocampus.Brain and behavior · 2023Article
- Injectable In-Situ Forming Depot Based on PLGA and PLGA-PEG-PLGA for Sustained-Release of Risperidone: In Vitro Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics in Rabbits.Pharmaceutics · 2023Article
- Serious Adverse Drug Reactions to Antipsychotics in Minors with Multiple Disabilities: Preventability and Potential Cost Savings by Therapeutic Drug Monitoring.Pharmacopsychiatry · 2023Article
- Individually tailored dosage regimen of full-spectrum Cannabis extracts for autistic core and comorbid symptoms: a real-life report of multi-symptomatic benefits.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Risperidone in Treating Breath-Holding Spells in Children.Iranian journal of child neurology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
17 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimRisperidone is the most commonly prescribed antipsychotic drug to children and adolescents worldwide, but it is associated with serious side effects, including weight gain. This study assessed the relationship of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone trough concentrations, maximum concentrations and 24-hour area under the curves (AUCs) with body mass index (BMI) z-scores in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and behavioural problems. Secondary outcomes were metabolic, endocrine, extrapyramidal and cardiac side effects and effectiveness.
methodsForty-two children and adolescents (32 males) aged 6-18 years were included in a 24-week prospective observational trial. Drug plasma concentrations, side effects and effectiveness were measured at several time points during follow-up. Relevant pharmacokinetic covariates, including medication adherence and CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) genotypes, were measured. Nonlinear mixed-effects modelling (NONMEM®) was used for a population pharmacokinetic analysis with 205 risperidone and 205 9-hydroxyrisperidone concentrations. Subsequently, model-based trough concentrations, maximum concentrations and 24-hour AUCs were analysed to predict outcomes using generalized and linear mixed-effects models.
resultsA risperidone two-compartment model combined with a 9-hydroxyrisperidone one-compartment model best described the measured concentrations. Of all the pharmacokinetic parameters, higher risperidone sum trough concentrations best predicted higher BMI z-scores during follow-up (P < .001). Higher sum trough concentrations also predicted more sedation (P < .05), higher prolactin levels (P < .001) and more effectiveness measured with Aberrant Behavior Checklist irritability score (P < .01).
conclusionOur results indicate a therapeutic window exists, which suggests that therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone might increase safety and effectiveness in children and adolescents with ASD and behavioural problems.
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