ArticleEnvironmental science and pollution research international2020
Risk assessment of heavy metal(loid)s via Spinacia oleracea ingestion after sewage water irrigation practices in Vehari District.
Article in Environmental science and pollution research international, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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5 citing papers in PubMed, 39 citations in OpenAlex.
- Minimization of cadmium toxicity and improvement in growth and biochemical attributes of spinach by using acidified biochar.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Screening of mustard cultivars for phytoremediation of heavy metals contamination in wastewater irrigated soil systems.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Carpet industry irrigational sources risk assessment: Heavy metal contaminated vegetables and cereal crops in northern India.Toxicology reports · 2022Article
- The potential of microbes and sulfate in reducing arsenic phytoaccumulation by maize (Zea mays L.) plants.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2021Article
- Environmental toxicology and associated human health risks.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The use of sewage water as an irrigation source can be beneficial in agricultural practices, however, it may result in human health risks due to the consumption of heavy metal(loid)-contaminated food. This study evaluated the suitability of using sewage water (SW), freshwater (FW), and groundwater (GW) for vegetable irrigation in District Vehari. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plants were grown in pots irrigated with FW, GW, and SW in different proportions and combinations. The results indicated the substantial lesser buildup of heavy metal(loid)s (As (- 0.8%), Cd (- 38%), Cr (- 6.2%), Cu (- 20%), Fe (- 9.2%), Mn (- 13%), Ni (- 16%), Pb (- 19%), and Zn (-15%)) in soil after S. oleracea cultivation compared to unirrigated soil possibly due to high metal(loid) uptake by S. oleracea. Irrigation with all types of waters resulted in metal(loid) accumulation in S. oleracea predominantly in roots. The combinations of FW, GW, and SW resulted in high metal(loid) accumulation (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the edible S. oleracea leaves than their alone application. Owing to high metal(loid) buildup, plants showed a linear trend in physiological imbalance in terms of reduced pigment content, induction of peroxidation, and oxidation of lipids. The severe oxidative stress was observed in S. oleracea plants under FW and GW irrigation due to high metal(loid) accumulation. The risk indices showed possible carcinogenic risk (CR > 0.0001) and non-carcinogenic risk (HI > 1) from the consumption of metal(loid)-contaminated S. oleracea leaves. Results revealed unsuitability of all waters and their combinations for S. oleracea irrigation. Moreover, this study does not encourage the use of mixed water for vegetable irrigation in Vehari District. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to monitor the quality of irrigation waters to ensure food safety and prevent chronic health risks to the exposed population.
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