ArticleNeuro-oncology advances
MerTK inhibition decreases immune suppressive glioblastoma-associated macrophages and neoangiogenesis in glioblastoma microenvironment.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- MERTK inhibition cooperates with immunomodulatory cyclophosphamide to induce CXCL9⁺ monocyte-macrophage programming and durable antitumor immunity in triple negative breast cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- Spatial immune atlas of breast cancer brain metastasis reveals CD163Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- A systems approach identifies MERTK as a therapeutic vulnerability in ZFTA-RELA-driven ependymomas.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- MERTK inhibition cooperates with immunomodulatory cyclophosphamide to induce CXCL9bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- HMC3 revealed: how much do these "Microglia" really tell us?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Role of Protein Kinases in the Suppressive Phenotype of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Navigating TAM receptor dynamics in tumour immunotherapy.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2025Review
- Proteolysis of TAM receptors in autoimmune diseases and cancer: what does it say to us?Cell death & disease · 2025Review
- ZBTB18 regulates cytokine expression and affects microglia/macrophage recruitment and commitment in glioblastoma.Communications biology · 2024Article
- In the Eyes of the Beholder-NewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Therapeutic targeting of the functionally elusive TAM receptor family.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2024Review
- Small Molecule Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) for Glioblastoma Treatment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Macrophage's role in solid tumors: two edges of a sword.Cancer cell international · 2023Article
- Tissue-specific modifier alleles determineeLife · 2022Article
- Harnessing anti-tumor and tumor-tropism functions of macrophages via nanotechnology for tumor immunotherapy.Exploration (Beijing, China) · 2022Review
- Establishing Imaging Biomarkers of Host Immune System Efficacy during Glioblastoma Therapy Response: Challenges, Obstacles and Future Perspectives.Metabolites · 2022Article
- The Role of Myeloid Cells in GBM Immunosuppression.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Macrophages/Microglia in the Glioblastoma Tumor Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Identification of key methylation differentially expressed genes in posterior fossa ependymoma based on epigenomic and transcriptome analysis.Journal of translational medicine · 2021Article
- Immunomodulatory Effect of Microglia-Released Cytokines in Gliomas.Brain sciences · 2021Review
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundGlioblastoma-associated macrophages and microglia (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Activation of MerTK, a receptor tyrosine kinase, polarizes GAMs to an immunosuppressive phenotype, promoting tumor growth. Here, the role of MerTK inhibition in the glioblastoma microenvironment is investigated in vitro and in vivo.
methodsEffects of MRX-2843 in glioblastoma microenvironment regulation were determined in vitro by cell viability, cytokine array, in vitro tube formation, Western blotting, and wound healing assays. A syngeneic GL261 orthotopic glioblastoma mouse model was used to evaluate the survival benefit of MRX-2843 treatment. Multiplex fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of CD206, an anti-inflammatory marker on GAMs, and angiogenesis in murine brain tumor tissues.
resultsMRX-2843 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in human glioblastoma cells and decreased protein expression of phosphorylated MerTK, AKT, and ERK, which are essential for cell survival signaling. Interleukin-8 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, the pro-glioma and pro-angiogenic cytokines, were decreased by MRX-2843. Decreased vascular formation and numbers of immunosuppressive (CD206+) GAMs were observed following MRX-2843 treatment in vivo, suggesting that in addition to alleviating immunosuppression, MRX-2843 also inhibits neoangiogenesis in the glioma microenvironment. These results were supported by a prolonged survival in the syngeneic mouse orthotopic GL261 glioblastoma model following MRX-2843 treatment.
conclusionOur findings suggest that MRX-2843 has a therapeutic benefit via promoting GAM polarization away from immunosuppressive condition, inhibiting neoangiogenesis in the glioblastoma microenvironment and inducing tumor cell death.
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