ArticleBMC microbiology2020
Tongue microbiome of smokeless tobacco users.
Article in BMC microbiology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metagenomic analysis of tongue samples from healthy subjects identifies distinct microbiome orotypes.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Smoking-induced microbial dysbiosis: a key driver of systemic diseases and emerging therapeutic opportunities.Cell death discovery · 2025Review
- Does a link exist between oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma? A review of current insights.Journal of oral microbiology · 2025Review
- The Effects of Nicotine Pouches and E-Cigarettes on Oral Microbes: A Pilot Study.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Oral microbiome dysbiosis among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco users compared to non-users.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Effect of different forms of tobacco on the oral microbiome in healthy adults: a systematic review.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Review
- Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Implications of Oral Microbiome in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Review
- Alteration of oral bacteriome of smokeless tobacco users and their association with oral cancer.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2023Article
- Altered oral microbiome in Sudanese Toombak smokeless tobacco users carries a newly emerging risk of squamous cell carcinoma development and progression.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Oral Microbial Signatures of Tobacco Chewers and Oral Cancer Patients in India.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Smoking, tooth loss and oral hygiene practices have significant and site-specific impacts on the microbiome of oral mucosal surfaces: a cross-sectional study.Journal of oral microbiology · 2023Article
- Smokeless tobacco consumption induces dysbiosis of oral mycobiome: a pilot study.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2022Article
- Dental Caries and Oral Health Status of Psychoactive Substance Abusers.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Oral lesions associated with smokeless tobacco users in Saudi Arabia: Single center cross-sectional study.The Saudi dental journal · 2022Article
- Characterization of Oral Bacterial Composition of Adult Smokeless Tobacco Users from Healthy Indians Using 16S rDNA Analysis.Microbial ecology · 2021Article
- Tongue microbiome in children with autism spectrum disorder.Journal of oral microbiology · 2021Article
- Microbiology of the American Smokeless Tobacco.Applied microbiology and biotechnology · 2021Review
- Bacteriome of Moist Smokeless Tobacco Products Consumed in India With Emphasis on the Predictive Functional Potential.Frontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Oral Microbiota Composition and Function Changes During Chronic Erythematous Candidiasis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2021Article
- Benchmarking of 16S rRNA gene databases using known strain sequences.Bioinformation · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe possibility that smokeless tobacco may contribute to oral carcinogenesis by influencing the oral microbiome has not been explored. This preliminary cross-sectional study sought to assess the effect of using shammah, a form of smokeless tobacco prevalent in Arabia, on the tongue microbiome. Tongue scarping samples were obtained from 29 shammah users (SU; 27.34 ± 6.9 years) and 23 shammah non-users (SNU; 27.7 ± 7.19 years) and analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing (V1-V3). Species-level taxonomy assignment of the high-quality, merged reads was obtained using a previously described BLASTn-based algorithm. Downstream analyses were performed with QIIME, LEfSe, and R.
resultsA total of 178 species, belonging to 62 genera and 8 phyla were identified. Genera Streptococcus, Leptotrichia, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Haemophilus, Prevotella and Neisseria accounted for more than 60% of the average microbiome. There were no differences between the two groups in species richness and alpha-diversity, but PCoA showed significant separation (P = 0.015, ANOSIM). LEfSe analysis identified 22 species to be differentially abundant between the SU and SNU. However, only 7 species maintained a false discovery rate of ≤0.2 and could cluster the two groups separately: Rothia mucilaginosa, Streptococcus sp. oral taxon 66, Actinomyces meyeri, Streptococcus vestibularis Streptococcus sanguinis and a potentially novel Veillonella species in association with SU, and Oribacterium asaccharolyticum with SNU.
conclusionThese preliminary results indicate that shammah use induces tongue microbiome changes including enrichment of several species with high acetaldehyde production potential, which warrants further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.