SynthesisJournal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community2021
Physical restraint of children and adolescents in mental health inpatient services: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.
Synthesis in Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Facilitators and barriers to adherence to medical recommendations among adolescents with cancer: A systematic review.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2025Pooled it
- Experiences of restrictive practices in child and adolescent mental health inpatient care: an integrative review.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Review
- Exploring Routine Practices of Coercion in Acute Child and Adolescent Psychiatry - Reflections for Practice.Journal of child and adolescent psychiatric nursing : official publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc · 2026Article
- Patients with Autism Spectrum or Intellectual Disability in the Psychiatric Emergency Department: Findings from a 10-year Retrospective Review.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Risk factors for physical restraint use with children and youth in community and inpatient mental health settings in Ontario.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2026Article
- 'In the Midst of a Thunderstorm': Young People's Experiences of Physical Restraint in Inpatient Mental Health Services in the UK.International journal of mental health nursing · 2026Article
- Restraint care in the pediatric intensive care unit: a qualitative investigation of nurses' perspectives and experiences.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Child and adolescent mental health burden, policies, and services in high-income countries and areas in the Western Pacific Region.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Review
- Breaking the Cycle: Predicting Agitation Crises in Child and Adolescent Inpatient Psychiatry.Child psychiatry and human development · 2025Article
- Development and Validation of Clinical Practice Standards for Physical Restraint in Hospitalized Patients: A Multi-Method Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2025Article
- Development of methods for WHO quality standards for child and youth mental health services to improve quality of care and patient safety in the WHO European region.Frontiers in health services · 2025Article
- Strategies for optimal management of pediatric acute agitation in emergency settings.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2024Article
- Reducing Physical Restraint Use in the Medical Behavioral Unit.Pediatrics · 2024Article
- Is physical restraint unethical and illegal?: a qualitative analysis of Korean written judgments.BMC nursing · 2024Article
- Characteristics of pediatric behavioral health emergencies in the prehospital setting.Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine · 2024Article
- Prevalence and correlates of restrictive interventions in an Irish child and adolescent psychiatric unit: a 4-year retrospective study.Irish journal of medical science · 2023Article
- Children's understanding and consent to heart surgery: Multidisciplinary teamwork and moral experiences.Journal of child health care : for professionals working with children in the hospital and community · 2023Article
- Clinical Characteristics of Youth with Autism or Developmental Disability during Inpatient Psychiatric Admission.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- A comparative examination of the health status of earthquake-affected and non-earthquake-affected adolescents in Yushu.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physical restraint is regularly used in children and adolescent mental health care, often as a reactive behaviour management strategy. Physical restraint has been associated with physical injury, but psychological consequences are poorly understood. The aim of this systematic review was to examine physical restraint of children and adolescents in inpatient mental healthcare services. Healthcare databases were searched to identify English language publications discussing anyone aged ≤18 years who had experienced physical restraint as a mental health inpatient. No date restrictions were applied. Sixteen quantitative studies are included within this review. Most studies are retrospective in nature. Publications were appraised using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme quality assessment tool. Common characteristics associated with children and adolescents who experience physical restraint include age, gender, diagnosis, and history. Most studies associate physical restraint with the management of aggression. Findings suggest that it may be a combination of patient (intrinsic) and environmental (extrinsic) factors which ultimately lead to children and adolescents experiencing restraint. This review confirms that little is known about children and adolescents' first-hand experiences of physical restraint. Future research should address children and adolescents' perceptions and first-hand experiences of physical restraint.
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Registered trials
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