ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2020
Children drinking private well water have higher blood lead than those with city water.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Burden of disease from contaminated drinking water in countries with high access to safely managed water: A systematic review.Water research · 2023Pooled it
- Private Well Testing in Peri-Urban African-American Communities Lacking Access to Regulated Municipal Drinking Water: A Mental Models Approach to Risk Communication.Risk analysis : an official publication of the Society for Risk Analysis · 2022Trial
- Perspective on Electrochemical Lead Detection: Distributed Sensing to Address Unevenly Distributed Risk.ECS sensors plus · 2026Article
- The Hidden Costs of Shifting Away from Flexible Packaging: Implications for Food Prices, Access, and Food Waste Among Low-Income U.S. Households.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Closing Water Security Gaps in the United States: The Role of Environmental Engineers and Scientists.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- The Human Exposome: Integrating the Environment, Human Health, and Society for the Next 60 years.Environmental science & technology · 2026Review
- Groundwater Chemistry and Children's Blood Lead Levels: A County-Wise Analysis in the United States.GeoHealth · 2026Article
- Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- A more scientific blood lead reference value urgently needs to be updated in China: From a national and international insight.Eco-Environment & Health · 2025Article
- A protocol for the development of a validated scale of household water insecurity in the United States: HWISE-USA.PloS one · 2025Article
- Testing for heavy metals in drinking water collected from Dog Aging Project participants.PLOS water · 2025Article
- The private well water climate impact index: Characterization of community-level climate-related hazards and vulnerability in the continental United States.The Science of the total environment · 2024Article
- Lead brownfields and birth defects in North Carolina 2003-2015: A cross-sectional case-control study.Birth defects research · 2024Article
- Review
- Identifying and Responding to Lead in Drinking Water in a University Setting.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- IEUBK Modeling of Children's Blood Lead Levels in Homes Served by Private Domestic Wells in Three Illinois Counties.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Prioritizing water availability study settings to address geogenic contaminants and related societal factors.Environmental monitoring and assessment · 2024Article
- Effect of Community Water Service on Lead in Drinking Water in an Environmental Justice Community.Environmental science & technology · 2024Article
- US drinking water quality: exposure risk profiles for seven legacy and emerging contaminants.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2024Review
- Toxic metal mixtures in private well water and increased risk for preterm birth in North Carolina.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Although the Flint, Michigan, water crisis renewed concerns about lead (Pb) in city drinking water, little attention has been paid to Pb in private wells, which provide drinking water for 13% of the US population. This study evaluates the risk of Pb exposure in children in households relying on private wells. It is based on a curated dataset of blood Pb records from 59,483 North Carolina children matched with household water source information. We analyze the dataset for statistical associations between children's blood Pb and household drinking water source. The analysis shows that children in homes relying on private wells have 25% increased odds (95% CI 6.2 to 48%,
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