Observational studyHealth and quality of life outcomes2020
Effects of sedative-hypnotics on sleep quality among patients with insomnia: evidence from an observational, pre-post study in India.
Observational study in Health and quality of life outcomes, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 14 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sleep Complaints in the Psychiatric Hospital: A Qualitative Study of Nurses and Psychiatrists' Approaches to Sleep Management in a Swiss Psychiatric Hospital.Clocks & sleep · 2026Article
- COVID-19 Pandemic and Sleep Health in Polish Female Students.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Letter on "Impact of Noninvasive Ventilation on Quality of Sleep among Patients Admitted to the Critical Care Unit" - Limitations and Recommendations.Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine · 2025Article
- Risk of Major Depression Associated with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Apneic Individuals.Clocks & sleep · 2025Article
- Association Between Hypnotics and Glycemic Variability Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring Under Real-Life Conditions in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of diabetes research · 2025Article
- The impact of social support, physical and psychological performance on sleep outcomes in Iranian older adults: a case-control study.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Multi-Scale Permutation Entropy: A Potential Measure for the Impact of Sleep Medication on Brain Dynamics of Patients with Insomnia.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundInsomnia continues to be neglected globally, despite its high prevalence. Guidelines by the health regulatory agencies call for studies to evaluate the effect of sedative-hypnotics on sleep quality.
methodsWe conducted a pre-post observational study to evaluate sleep quality among 186 inpatients receiving short-term oral sedative-hypnotic therapy in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kozhikode (Kerala), India. Using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index_Past-Week (PSQI_PW) questionnaire, patients were interviewed upon hospital admission and at follow up after ≥1-week of sedative-hypnotic therapy. Additionally, we interviewed 36 physicians to understand the current clinical perception about sedative-hypnotics.
resultsMean (SD) age of the study patients was 59 (7.5) years. Majority (63.4%) of the patients were men. Of the various primary diagnoses for hospitalization, cardiovascular disease was the most common (22.6%, n = 49). Sedative-hypnotic therapy improved the mean (SD) PSQI_PW overall score by 6.79 points (pre: 12.70 (3.5) vs. post: 5.91 (2.8); p < 0.0001). Statistically significant improvements in sleep duration, latency, efficacy, and day dysfunction were observed. Higher proportion of study patients were prescribed benzodiazepines (73.7%) compared to zolpidem (26.3%). Patients treated with zolpidem reported higher improvements in mean overall PSQI_PW scores compared to those treated with benzodiazepines, however these differences were not statistically significant upon adjusting for age, gender and primary diagnosis for hospitalization. Qualitative interviews indicate that that physicians consider zolpidem to be safer and more efficacious.
conclusionsIn our study, sedative-hypnotic therapy helped improve sleep quality among the hospitalized patients. More studies evaluating the comparative efficacy and safety of zolpidem vs. benzodiazepines - including among patient groups with varying demographic and clinical characteristics - are needed. India must develop evidence-based treatment guidelines to inform the clinical practice around the use of sedative-hypnotics.
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