ArticleCellular signalling2020
Janus sword actions of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19.
Article in Cellular signalling, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Uptake of Nanoparticles as a Model System for Viruses under the Presence of Chloroquine.ACS nanoscience Au · 2026Article
- Heterogeneity in lysosomal dynamics and metabolic functions along the kidney proximal tubule.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Renal potassium wasting from hydroxychloroquine at therapeutic doses: a case report.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- Chloroquine Enhances Mitochondrial Antiviral Signaling-Mediated Cytokine Induction and Alters Mitochondrial Morphology.Journal of innate immunity · 2026Article
- Dexamethasone disrupts intracellular pH homeostasis to delay coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus cell entry via sodium hydrogen exchanger 3 activation.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Lysosome-associated CASM: from upstream triggers to downstream effector mechanisms.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
- Simulations of pH and thermal effects on SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2025Article
- SLC38A9 regulates SARS-CoV-2 viral entry.iScience · 2024Article
- Off-target autophagy inhibition by SHP2 allosteric inhibitors contributes to their antitumor activity in RAS-driven cancers.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Article
- Targeting the ATF6-Mediated ER Stress Response and Autophagy Blocks Integrin-Driven Prostate Cancer Progression.Molecular cancer research : MCR · 2023Article
- Repurposing Polyether Ionophores as a New-Class of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Agents as Adjunct Therapy.Current microbiology · 2023Review
- Impact of various buffers and weak bases on lysosomal and intracellular pH: Implications for infectivity of SARS-CoV-2.FASEB bioAdvances · 2023Article
- A Comparison of Etiology, Pathogenesis, Vaccinal and Antiviral Drug Development between Influenza and COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- RagC GTPase regulates mTOR to promote chemoresistance in senescence-like HepG2 cells.Frontiers in physiology · 2022Article
- Dimethoxycurcumin Acidifies Endolysosomes and Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Entry.Frontiers in virology (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Structural-Dynamics and Binding Analysis of RBD from SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOCs) and GRP78 Receptor Revealed Basis for Higher Infectivity.Microorganisms · 2021Article
- Efficacy and safety of hydroxychloroquine as pre-and post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2021Article
- Various theranostics and immunization strategies based on nanotechnology against Covid-19 pandemic: An interdisciplinary view.Life sciences · 2021Review
- An update review of emerging small-molecule therapeutic options for COVID-19.Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2021Review
- A model for pH coupling of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein open/closed equilibrium.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) and its analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been thrust into our everyday vernacular because some believe, based on very limited basic and clinical data, that they might be helpful in preventing and/or lessening the severity of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, lacking is a temperance in enthusiasm for their possible use as well as sufficient perspective on their effects and side-effects. CQ and HCQ have well-known properties of being diprotic weak bases that preferentially accumulate in acidic organelles (endolysosomes and Golgi apparatus) and neutralize luminal pH of acidic organelles. These primary actions of CQ and HCQ are responsible for their anti-malarial effects; malaria parasites rely on acidic digestive vacuoles for survival. Similarly, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi by CQ and HCQ may block severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) integration into host cells because SARS-CoV-2 may require an acidic environment for its entry and for its ability to bud and infect bystander cells. Further, de-acidification of endolysosomes and Golgi may underly the immunosuppressive effects of these two drugs. However, modern cell biology studies have shown clearly that de-acidification results in profound changes in the structure, function and cellular positioning of endolysosomes and Golgi, in signaling between these organelles and other subcellular organelles, and in fundamental cellular functions. Thus, studying the possible therapeutic effects of CQ and HCQ against COVID-19 must occur concurrent with studies of the extent to which these drugs affect organellar and cell biology. When comprehensively examined, a better understanding of the Janus sword actions of these and other drugs might yield better decisions and better outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.