ArticlePrehospital emergency care
Inferior Vena Cava Diameter is an Early Marker of Central Hypovolemia during Simulated Blood Loss.
Article in Prehospital emergency care. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of PoCUS in the Diagnosis and Early Monitoring of Cardiogenic Shock in the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
- Early detection of hypovolemia by venous pulse wave velocity and vena cava ultrasound imaging.European journal of applied physiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Agreement of IVC Diameter Measurements via Subcostal and Transhepatic POCUS Views.POCUS journal · 2025Article
- The ultrasonographic evaluation of caudal vena cava diameter before and after fluid replacement in neonatal dehydrated calves with diarrhea.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Comparison of tricuspid and mitral annular plane systolic excursion in determination of acute blood loss in healthy volunteers.Internal and emergency medicine · 2023Article
- Ultrasonographical Assessment of Caudal Vena Cava Size through Different Views in Healthy Calves: A Pilot Study.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- The role of mitral annular plane systolic excursion in prediction of acute blood loss in healthy voluntary blood donors.Journal of ultrasonography · 2022Article
- Point-of-Care Ultrasound for the Trauma Anesthesiologist.Current anesthesiology reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionInferior vena cava (IVC) diameter decreases under conditions of hypovolemia. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) may be useful to emergently assess IVC diameter. This study tested the hypothesis that ultrasound measurements of IVC diameter decreases during severe simulated blood loss.
methodsBlood loss was simulated in 14 healthy men (22 ± 2 years) using lower body negative pressure (LBNP). Pressure within the LBNP chamber was reduced 10 mmHg of LBNP every four minutes until participants experienced pre-syncopal symptoms or until 80 mmHg of LBNP was completed. IVC diameter was imaged with POCUS using B-mode in the long and short axis views between minutes two and four of each stage.
resultsMaximum IVC diameter in the long axis view was lower than baseline (1.5 ± 0.4 cm) starting at -20 mmHg of LBNP (1.0 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and throughout LBNP (p < 0.01). The minimum IVC diameter in the long axis view was lower than baseline (0.9 ± 0.3 cm) at -20 mmHg of LBNP (0.5 ± 0.3 cm; p < 0.01) and throughout LBNP (p < 0.01). Maximum IVC diameter in the short axis view was lower than baseline (0.9 ± 0.2 cm) at 40 mmHg of LBNP (0.6 ± 0.2; p = 0.01) and the final LBNP stage (0.6 ± 0.2 cm; p < 0.01). IVC minimum diameter in the short axis view was lower than baseline (0.5 ± 0.2 cm) at the final LBNP stage (0.3 ± 0.2 cm; p = 0.01).
conclusionThese data demonstrate that IVC diameter decreases prior to changes in traditional vital signs during simulated blood loss. Further study is needed to determine the view and diameter threshold that most accurate for identifying hemorrhage requiring emergent intervention.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.