ArticleJournal of immunology research2020
BCG-Induced Trained Immunity in Healthy Individuals: The Effect of Plasma Muramyl Dipeptide Concentrations.
Article in Journal of immunology research, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune mechanisms mediating the heterologous effects of BCG vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- BCG HSP70 Reprograms Macrophages via Central Trained Immunity to Suppress Prostate Cancer.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Stable serum peptidoglycan fragment levels do not support leaky gut in the acute phase or at one month following "mild" traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Immune correlates of early clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis household contacts in Indonesia.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Monocyte uptake of polymeric peptidoglycan is bimodal and governed by complement C3 and C4 opsonins.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Live Attenuated Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Targeting the Disruption of Genes Encoding the Secretory Proteins of Mycobacteria.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Vaccines and Dementia: Part I. Non-Specific Immune Boosting with BCG: History, Ligands, and Receptors.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2024Review
- The causes and consequences of trained immunity in myeloid cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Training vs. Tolerance: The Yin/Yang of the Innate Immune System.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- The spectrum of tuberculosis described as differential DNA methylation patterns in alveolar macrophages and alveolar T cells.Clinical epigenetics · 2022Article
- New insights into genetic characteristics between multiple myeloma and COVID-19: An integrative bioinformatics analysis of gene expression omnibus microarray and the cancer genome atlas data.International journal of laboratory hematology · 2021Article
- The influence of the gut microbiome on BCG-induced trained immunity.Genome biology · 2021Article
- Countries with high deaths due to flu and tuberculosis demonstrate lower COVID-19 mortality: roles of vaccinations.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2021Article
- Review
- Thyrotrophin and thyroxine support immune homeostasis in humans.Immunology · 2021Article
- BCG-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications for next-generation vaccines.Immunological reviews · 2021Review
- Review
- Article
- Innate Memory Reprogramming by Gold Nanoparticles Depends on the Microbial Agents That Induce Memory.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Lessons from Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Harnessing Trained Immunity for Vaccine Development.Cells · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
BCG vaccination protects not only against tuberculosis but also against heterologous infections. This effect differs between individuals, yet the factors responsible for this variation are unknown. BCG-induced nonspecific protection is, at least partially, mediated by innate immune reprogramming (trained immunity), which can be induced by the muramyl dipeptide (MDP) component of peptidoglycans. We aimed to study whether differential release of MDP in healthy individuals may explain variability of their response to BCG vaccination. Circulating MDP concentrations were increased up to three months after BCG vaccination. MDP concentrations at baseline, but not their increase postvaccination, positively correlated with the induction of trained immunity and not with mycobacteria-induced T-cell responses. Interestingly, MDP concentrations correlated with inflammatory markers in the circulation. In conclusion, circulating MDP concentrations are associated with the strength of trained immunity responses and thus influence the biological effects of BCG vaccination. This study increases our understanding about the role of MDP in BCG-induced trained immunity, which might help to optimize vaccine efficacy and explore novel applications of BCG vaccination.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.