ArticleEFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority2017
Risks for public health related to the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods.
Article in EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 85 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
85 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 169 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Development and characterization of tetrodotoxin reference materials.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Optimization and Intra-Laboratory Validation of the Neuro-2a Assay for Tetrodotoxin Detection in Mussels.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Toxicity Assessment of 6-Deoxytetrodotoxin by Mouse Bioassay and Its Distribution in Pufferfish.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Potential Increase in Known and Emerging Biotoxins in Marine Ecosystem Due to Climate Change and Subsequent Health Issues.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Hemolymph-Mediated Dynamics of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in Scallops.Marine drugs · 2026Article
- Toxicity Profile of the Oceanic PufferfishMarine drugs · 2026Article
- Identifying environmental factors associated with tetrodotoxin contamination in bivalve mollusks using eXplainable AI.NPJ science of food · 2026Article
- Article
- Survey of Tetrodotoxins (TTXs) in Gastropods, Sea Urchins, and Blue Crabs from the Adriatic Sea: First Report inFoods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Chemical properties and biological activities of three highly purified major tetrodotoxin analogues.Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and biological sciences · 2025Article
- Article
- Designing and Developing a Population/Literature-Based Westernized Diet Index (WDI) and Its Relevance for Cardiometabolic Health.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Searching for Paralytic Toxin, Tetrodotoxin, in Swedish Bivalve Shellfish.Marine drugs · 2025Article
- Tetrodotoxin Delivery Pen Safely Uses Potent Natural Neurotoxin to Manage Severe Cutaneous Pain.Advanced healthcare materials · 2025Article
- Levels and Profile of Tetrodotoxins in SpawningToxins · 2025Article
- The Potential Mechanisms ofDrug design, development and therapy · 2025Article
- Tetrodotoxin: The State-of-the-Art Progress in Characterization, Detection, Biosynthesis, and Transport Enrichment.Marine drugs · 2024Review
- Japanese Planocerid Flatworms: Difference in Composition of Tetrodotoxin and Its Analogs and the Effects of Ingestion by Toxin-Bearing Fishes in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2024Article
- Article
25 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
31 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) and its analogues are produced by marine bacteria and have been detected in marine bivalves and gastropods from European waters. The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks to public health related to the presence of TTX and TTX analogues in marine bivalves and gastropods. The Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain reviewed the available literature but did not find support for the minimum lethal dose for humans of 2 mg, mentioned in various reviews. Some human case reports describe serious effects at a dose of 0.2 mg, corresponding to 4 μg/kg body weight (bw). However, the uncertainties on the actual exposure in the studies preclude their use for derivation of an acute reference dose (ARfD). Instead, a group ARfD of 0.25 μg/kg bw, applying to TTX and its analogues, was derived based on a TTX dose of 25 μg/kg bw at which no apathy was observed in an acute oral study with mice, applying a standard uncertainty factor of 100. Estimated relative potencies for analogues are lower than that of TTX but are associated with a high degree of uncertainty. Based on the occurrence data submitted to EFSA and reported consumption days only, average and P95 exposures of 0.00-0.09 and 0.00-0.03 μg/kg bw, respectively, were calculated. Using a large portion size of 400 g bivalves and P95 occurrence levels of TTX, with exception of oysters, the exposure was below the group ARfD in all consumer groups. A concentration below 44 μg TTX equivalents/kg shellfish meat, based on a large portion size of 400 g, was considered not to result in adverse effects in humans. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) methods are the most suitable for identification and quantification of TTX and its analogues, with LOQs between 1 and 25 μg/kg.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.