ReviewThe Science of the total environment2020
COVID-19 and frequent use of hand sanitizers; human health and environmental hazards by exposure pathways.
Review in The Science of the total environment, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
104 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 313 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on inanimate surfaces: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of epidemiology · 2021Pooled it
- Longitudinal analysis of the hand microbiome in response to chlorine-based antiseptic use during a military field exercise.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Hand Sanitizer Use During the Pandemic: Frequency and Health Effects Among Healthcare and Non-Healthcare Professionals.Workplace health & safety · 2026Article
- Assessment of Ecological and Human Health Risk Associated with Toxic Metals from the Consumption of Vegetables Exposed to Low Quality Irrigation Water of Industrial Zones in Semi-arid Regions.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Stability and Antimicrobial Efficacy of Reuterin and Bacteriocins (Microcin J25, Nisin Z, and Pediocin PA-1) in Chitosan- and Carboxymethyl-Cellulose-Based Hydrogels.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- Incidence and Characteristics of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer Ingestion in Florida before and during the Coronavirus Pandemic.The western journal of emergency medicine · 2025Article
- Review
- The Impact of Health Literacy on Consumer Knowledge of Mask and Hand Sanitizer Use in Post-Pandemic Korea.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health Literacy, Label Comprehension, and Consumer Perceptions of Quasi-Drug Information Among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study.Risk management and healthcare policy · 2025Article
- The Rising Concern of Ethanol Intoxication from Easy Access to Hand Sanitizers: A Case Report.The American journal of case reports · 2024Article
- A critical evaluation of contents, labeling, and cost of hand sanitizers marketed in India during COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2024Article
- Utilizing Rapid Hydrogen Peroxide Generation from 6-Hydroxycatechol to Design Moisture-Activated, Self-Disinfecting Coating.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2024Article
- Article
- Factors affecting hand hygiene practice during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Zimbabwean population: a qualitative study.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Safety of Prolonged Exposure of Human Skin to Aqueous Ozone in a Test Hand Hygiene Model.Skin research and technology : official journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [and] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [and] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI) · 2024Article
- Development and Characterization of a Hand Rub Gel Produced with Artisan Alcohol (Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- A systematic overview of metal nanoparticles as alternative disinfectants for emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.Archives of microbiology · 2024Review
- Anti-microbial efficacy of a scientifically developed and standardized herbal-alcohol sanitizer.Archives of microbiology · 2024Article
- S2k-Guideline hand antisepsis and hand hygiene.GMS hygiene and infection control · 2024Article
- Eco-friendly monitoring of triclosan as an emerging antimicrobial environmental contaminant utilizing electrochemical sensors modified with CNTs nanocomposite transducer layer.BMC chemistry · 2023Article
44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Till date no medication or vaccine is available to cope with the COVID-19 infection and infection rate is increasing drastically across the globe. Only preventive measures and healthy life style with efficient immune system have been suggested by WHO to fight and stay safe from COVID-19. WHO recommended alcohol based hand sanitizers for frequent hand hygiene, which are mainly made up from ethanol, isopropyl alcohols, hydrogen peroxides in different combinations. These preparations may become toxic to human health and environment when misused. These chemicals have known toxic and hazardous impact on environment when released by evaporation. In early five months of 2020, American Association of Poison Control Center reported 9504 alcoholic hand sanitizer exposure cases in children under the age of 12 years and recognized that even a small amount of alcohol can cause alcohol poisoning in children that is responsible for confusion, vomiting and drowsiness, and in severe cases, respiratory arrest and death. Furthermore, frequent usage of said hand sanitizers has reported increased chance of antimicrobial resistance and chance of other viral diseases. Current review is designed with main objective to highlight the toxic and serious health risks to human health and environment by frequent using hand hygiene products with alcohols based formulations.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.