Observational studyJournal of diabetes investigation2021
Association between tear and blood glucose concentrations: Random intercept model adjusted with confounders in tear samples negative for occult blood.
Observational study in Journal of diabetes investigation, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biofluid Analysis.Biosensors · 2026Review
- Nanomaterial-enabled smart contact lenses: bridging sensing, therapy, and theranostics for next-generation ocular healthcare.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Improving non-invasive glucose estimation with monthly calibrated photoplethysmography and implicit HbA1c.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- A Review of Graphene-Integrated Biosensors for Non-Invasive Biochemical Monitoring in Health Applications.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Design of a Wearable Finger PPG-Based Blood Glucose Monitor.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Article
- Tear proteomics reveals expressed proteins and potential pathways associated with diabetic keratopathy.Eye (London, England) · 2025Article
- Tear lactate improves the evaluation of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type-2 diabetes patients.Molecular biomedicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy.International journal of retina and vitreous · 2025Article
- From Vision Correction to Drug Delivery: Unraveling the Potential of Therapeutic Contact Lens.Current drug delivery · 2025Review
- The Acari Hypothesis, VII: accounting for the comorbidity of allergy with other contemporary medical conditions, especially metabolic syndrome.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Article
- A Compact Wideband Vivaldi Antenna for Non-Invasive Glucose Monitoring.Micromachines · 2024Article
- Additively manufactured microwave sensor for glucose level detection in saliva.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Determination of low concentrations of glucose through colorimetric analysis using CoFeAnalytical sciences : the international journal of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry · 2024Article
- Smart Contact Lenses in Ophthalmology: Innovations, Applications, and Future Prospects.Micromachines · 2024Review
- In-depth correlation analysis between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless smart contact lens.Nature communications · 2024Article
- NanoLC-timsTOF-Assisted Analysis of Glycated Albumin in Diabetes-Affected Plasma and Tears.Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · 2024Article
- Portable Infrared-Based Glucometer Reinforced with Fuzzy Logic.Biosensors · 2023Article
- Implicit HbA1c Achieving 87% Accuracy within 90 Days in Non-Invasive Fasting Blood Glucose Measurements Using Photoplethysmography.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Changes in tear glucose and insulin concentrations following an oral glucose tolerance test.Clinical & experimental optometry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
AIMS/
introductionTo prevent diabetic complications, strict glucose control and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels with invasive methods are necessary. We considered the monitoring of tear glucose levels might be a possible method for non-invasive glucose monitoring. To develop tear glucose monitoring for clinical application, we investigated the precise correlation between the blood and tear glucose concentrations. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 10 participants and 20 participants with diabetes were admitted, and blood and tear samples were collected. Before statistical analysis, we eliminated tear samples contaminated with blood. We observed the daily blood and tear glucose dynamics, and carried out a random intercept model analysis to examine the association between the blood and tear glucose concentrations.
resultsTear occult blood tests showed that the tear glucose concentrations and their variation increased in both participants with and without diabetes as contamination of blood increased. In both participants with and without diabetes, fluctuations of the plasma glucose concentrations were observed depending on the timing of collection of the samples, and the dynamics of the tear glucose concentrations paralleled those of the plasma glucose concentrations. The random intercept model analysis showed a significant association between the plasma and tear glucose concentrations in participants with diabetes (P < 0.001). This association still existed even after adjusting for the glycated hemoglobin levels and the prandial state (P < 0.001).
conclusionsIt is important to eliminate the tear samples contaminated with blood. Tear glucose monitoring might be a reliable and non-invasive substitute method for monitoring the blood glucose concentrations for diabetes patients, irrespective of glycated hemoglobin levels and timing of sample collection.
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