ArticleCommunications biology2020
Subtyping analysis reveals new variants and accelerated evolution of Clostridioides difficile toxin B.
Article in Communications biology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 58 papers.
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Who cites it
58 citing papers in PubMed, 81 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genomic and phenotypic insight intoEmerging microbes & infections · 2026Article
- From colonization to infection: Genomic evolution of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis.Cell reports · 2026Review
- Complex adaptive architectures constrain the pace of adaptations sweeping across human gut microbiomes.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis and control.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- Generation and characterization of a novel MHC-II tetramer for tracking and characterization of toxin B-specific CD4bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Development of Peptide Glucosyltransferase Inhibitors With Comprehensive Coverage Across Clostridioides difficile Toxin B Sub-Types.Biotechnology and bioengineering · 2026Article
- A single amino acid substitution determines susceptibility ofFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Article
- Comparative genomic analysis of Clostridioides difficile strains in Mexico: insights into virulence and resistance.Access microbiology · 2026Article
- HumanbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Biliverdin targeting TcdB-DRBD inhibits Clostridioides difficile virulence and restores gut microbiota in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).Communications biology · 2025Article
- Performance evaluation of the QIAstat-Dx gastrointestinal panel 2 for the detection ofJournal of clinical microbiology · 2025Article
- The monoclonal antibody AZD5148 confers broad protection against TcdB-diverse Clostridioides difficile strains in mice.PLoS pathogens · 2025Article
- History and Evolution of the HypervirulentMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) for rapid detection of toxigenicMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- AgainstToxins · 2025Review
- Enhanced immunogenicity of a Clostridioides difficile TcdB vaccine adjuvanted with a synthetic dual-TLR ligand adjuvant.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Allele-linked divergence in SlpA and TcdB drives distinct immune and cytotoxic responses that distinguish ST01 from non-ST01 strains in Clade 2 Clostridioides difficile.Access microbiology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology and genetic characteristics ofPeerJ · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile toxins (TcdA and TcdB) are major exotoxins responsible for C. difficile infection (CDI) associated diseases. The previously reported TcdB variants showed distinct biological features, immunoactivities, and potential pathogenicity in disease progression. Here, we performed global comparisons of amino acid sequences of both TcdA and TcdB from 3,269 C. difficile genomes and clustered them according to the evolutionary relatedness. We found that TcdB was much diverse and could be divided into eight subtypes, of which four were first described. Further analysis indicates that the tcdB gene undergoes accelerated evolution to maximize diversity. By tracing TcdB subtypes back to their original isolates, we found that the distribution of TcdB subtypes was not completely aligned with the phylogeny of C. difficile. These findings suggest that the tcdB genes not only frequently mutate, but also continuously transfer and exchange among C. difficile strains.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.