ArticleGenes2020
Blockade of PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3 Altered Distinct Immune- and Cancer-Related Signaling Pathways in the Transcriptome of Human Breast Cancer Explants.
Article in Genes, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unveiling the immune microenvironment in sinonasal intestinal type adenocarcinoma: new arguments for immunotherapy.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- The concurrent silencing of Tim-3 and STAT-3 promotes tumor regression both in vitro and in ovo.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Gold nanoparticles mediate suppression of angiogenesis and breast cancer growth via MMP-9/NF-κB/mTOR and PD-L1/PD-1 signaling: integrative in vitro validation and network pharmacology insights.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Article
- Reprogramming the breast tumor immune microenvironment: cold-to-hot transition for enhanced immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Review
- Patient-derived tumor organoids: a new avenue for preclinical research and precision medicine in oncology.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Empowering personalized medicine: unleashing the potential of patient-derived explants in clinical practice.EXCLI journal · 2024Article
- The TRIPLEX study: use of patient-derived tumor organoids as an innovative tool for precision medicine in triple-negative breast cancer.BMC cancer · 2023Observational
- Review
- Modelling the tumor immune microenvironment for precision immunotherapy.Clinical & translational immunology · 2022Review
- Modulation of the Gal-9/TIM-3 Immune Checkpoint with α-Lactose. Does Anomery of Lactose Matter?Cancers · 2021Review
- [The expression and prognostic value of PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3 and BTLA in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma].Zhonghua xue ye xue za zhi = Zhonghua xueyexue zazhi · 2021Article
- Article
- Review
- TRAIL-R1-Targeted CAR-T Cells Exhibit Dual Antitumor Efficacy.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2021Article
- The Emerging Role of T-Cell Immunoglobulin Mucin-3 in Breast Cancer: A Promising Target For Immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2021Review
- Nano-immunotherapy for each stage of cancer cellular immunity: which, why, and what?Theranostics · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are yet to have a major advantage over conventional therapies, as only a fraction of patients benefit from the currently approved ICIs and their response rates remain low. We investigated the effects of different ICIs-anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), anti-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and anti-T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3)-on human primary breast cancer explant cultures using RNA-Seq. Transcriptomic data revealed that PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3 blockade follow unique mechanisms by upregulating or downregulating distinct pathways, but they collectively enhance immune responses and suppress cancer-related pathways to exert anti-tumorigenic effects. We also found that these ICIs upregulated the expression of other IC genes, suggesting that blocking one IC can upregulate alternative ICs, potentially giving rise to compensatory mechanisms by which tumor cells evade anti-tumor immunity. Overall, the transcriptomic data revealed some unique mechanisms of the action of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3 in human breast cancer explants. However, further investigations and functional studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.