ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04754698 (Immunogenicity and Safety of the CoronaVac Vacccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and People Living With HIV/AIDS), which is not on this map. Cited by 410 papers, 8 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Immunogenicity and Safety of the CoronaVac Vacccine in Patients With Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases and People Living With HIV/AIDS
Who cites it
410 citing papers in PubMed, 8 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Low-dose corticosteroids in severe pulmonary infection: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.BMJ open respiratory research · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Ocular Complications Following Different Types of Covid-19 Vaccines.Journal of immunology research · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Reactive arthritis following COVID-19 current evidence, diagnosis, and management strategies.Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research · 2023Pooled it
- Identification of Parameters Representative of Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 in children.BMC pediatrics · 2022Pooled it
- Role of red blood cell distribution width, as a prognostic indicator in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Reviews in medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of antiviral therapies for COVID-19: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.BMC infectious diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Review
- PANoptosis as a Therapeutic Target for COVID-19.Current microbiology · 2026Review
- Article
- Oxidants, antioxidants, and the clinical course of COVID-19 disease: a prospective observational study.Virology journal · 2026Observational
- A longitudinal comparative analysis of serum metabolomic signatures in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- PFOA induced metabolic and immune perturbations in a SARS-2 infection model.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic profiling reveals immune signatures associated with potential COVID-19 susceptibility and a predictive framework in a Chinese cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Role of Immunosenescence and Inflammaging in the Susceptibility of Older Adults to SARS-CoV-2 Infection.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- In Silico Analysis of MiRNA Regulatory Networks to Identify Potential Biomarkers for the Clinical Course of Viral Infections.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Identification of hub genes associated with severe COPD via WGCNA and immune infiltration analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Perspective: Food Environment, Climate Change, Inflammation, Diet, and Health.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2025Review
- Metabolomics and Cytokine Signatures in COVID-19: Uncovering Immunometabolism in Pathogenesis.Metabolites · 2025Article
350 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic began in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and rapidly extended to become a global sanitary and economic emergency. Its etiological agent is the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 presents a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, which ranges from an asymptomatic infection to a severe pneumonia accompanied by multisystemic failure that can lead to a patient's death. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is known to involve all the components of the immune system that together appear responsible for viral elimination and recovery from the infection. Nonetheless, such immune responses are implicated in the disease's progression to a more severe and lethal process. This review describes the general aspects of both COVID-19 and its etiological agent SARS-CoV-2, stressing the similarities with other severe coronavirus infections, such as SARS and MERS, but more importantly, pointing toward the evidence supporting the hypothesis that the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 is a consequence of the corresponding variable spectrum of the immune responses to the virus. The critical point where progression of the disease ensues appears to center on loss of the immune regulation between protective and altered responses due to exacerbation of the inflammatory components. Finally, it appears possible to delineate certain major challenges deserving of exhaustive investigation to further understand COVID-19 immunopathogenesis, thus helping to design more effective diagnostic, therapeutic, and prophylactic strategies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.