Observational studyBMC pregnancy and childbirth2020
Applying the WHO ICD-PM classification system to stillbirths in a major referral Centre in Northeast Nigeria: a retrospective analysis from 2010-2018.
Observational study in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the globally reported International Classification of Diseases to Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM).Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The global use of the International Classification of Diseases to Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM): A systematic review.Journal of global health · 2022Pooled it
- (De)coding perinatal deaths: applying the International Classification of Diseases to perinatal mortality to a perinatal e-registry from 16 hospitals in Benin, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda.Global health action · 2026Article
- Stillbirth Registration in Berlin - Insights from a Multicentre Online Register.Geburtshilfe und Frauenheilkunde · 2026Article
- Stillbirth rates, trend and distribution in the Volta region, Ghana: findings from institutional data analysis, 2018-2022.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Infectious Causes of Stillbirths: A Descriptive Etiological Study in Uganda.Open forum infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Can International Classification of Disease Perinatal Mortality (ICD-PM) be a solution to overcome neglected tragedy? A scoping reviews.Health science reports · 2024Article
- Stillbirth incidence and determinants in a tertiary health facility in the Volta Region of Ghana.PloS one · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLack of a unified and comparable classification system to unravel the underlying causes of stillbirth hampers the development and implementation of targeted interventions to reduce the unacceptably high stillbirth rates (SBR) in sub-Saharan Africa. Our aim was to track the SBR and the predominant maternal and fetal causes of stillbirths using the WHO ICD-PM Classification system.
methodsThis was a retrospective observational study in a major referral centre in northeast Nigeria between 2010 and 2018. Specialist Obstetricians and Gynaecologists assigned causes of stillbirths after an extensive audit of available stillbirths' records. Cause of death was assigned via consensus using the ICD-PM classification system.
resultsThere were 21,462 births between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2018 in our study setting; of these, 1177 culminated in stillbirths with a total hospital SBR of 55 per 1000 births (95% CI: 52, 58). There were two peaks of stillbirths in 2012 [62 per 1000 births (95% CI: 53, 71)], and 2015 [65 per 1000 births (95% CI, 55, 76)]. Antepartum and intrapartum stillbirths were almost equally prevalent (48% vs 52%). Maternal medical and surgical conditions (M4) were the commonest (69.3%) cause of antepartum stillbirths while complications of placenta, cord and membranes (M3) accounted for the majority (45.8%) of intrapartum stillbirths and the trends were similar between 2010 and 2018. Antepartum and intrapartum fetal causes of stillbirths were mainly due to prematurity which is a disorder of fetal growth (A5 and I6).
conclusionsMost causes of stillbirths in our setting are due to preventable causes and the trends have remained unabated between 2010 and 2018. Progress toward global SBR targets are off-track, requiring more interventions to halt and reduce the high SBR.
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