ArticlePloS one2020
Malnutrition, enamel defects, and early childhood caries in preschool children in a sub-urban Nigeria population.
Article in PloS one, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Global prevalence of hypomineralised second primary molars: an updated systematic review with a meta-analysis.European archives of paediatric dentistry : official journal of the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Its Associated Factors among Preschool Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of dental caries in the primary, mixed and permanent dentitions in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2026Pooled it
- Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Africa: A Systematic Review.International journal of paediatric dentistry · 2026Pooled it
- Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal events associated with hypomineralized second primary molar: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Clinical oral investigations · 2021Pooled it
- Does stunting modify the impact of salivary factors and early childhood caries on oral health-related quality of life?BMC public health · 2026Article
- Early childhood caries preventive practices of children with parents who are internally displaced persons, refugees, and migrants in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Environmental Determinants of Early Childhood Caries: A Narrative Synthesis of Observational Evidence and Implications for Global Policy.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Risk indicators for dental caries among preschoolers, school children/adolescents and adults in Nigeria: a scoping review.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Incorporating oral health into the One Health agenda: contributions and implications.Science in One Health · 2025Review
- Article
- A Review on Maternal Parenting, Child's Growth Stunting, and Oral Health.European journal of dentistry · 2024Article
- Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization Is Associated with the Prevalence of Thinness among Schoolchildren in Communities with Different Fluoride Levels in the Drinking Water.International journal of dentistry · 2024Article
- Caries Experience among Children with History of Neonatal Stunting.European journal of dentistry · 2023Article
- Association between maternal decision-making and mental health and the nutritional status of children under 6 years of age in sub-urban Nigeria.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Beyond dirty teeth: Integrating dental calculus studies with osteoarchaeological parameters.Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research · 2023Article
- NovelJournal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Relationships between dental fluorosis and fluoride concentrations in bottled water and groundwater in low-income children in Mexico.Frontiers in oral health · 2023Article
- Article
- Caries Experience and Increment in Children Attending Kindergartens with an Early Childhood Caries Preventive Program Compared to Basic Prophylaxis Measures-A Retrospective Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThe study tried to determine if malnutrition (underweight, stunting, wasting, overweight) and enamel defects (enamel hypoplasia, hypomineralized second molar, amelogenesis imperfecta, fluorosis) were associated with early childhood caries (ECC). The study also examined whether malnutrition was associated with the presence of enamel defects in 0-5-year-old children.
methodsThe study was a secondary analysis of primary data of a cross-sectional study assessing the association between maternal psychosocial health and ECC in sub-urban Nigerian population collected in December 2018 and January 2019. One hundred and fifty nine children were recruited. Exploratory variables were malnutrition and enamel defects. The outcome variables were the prevalence of ECC in 0-2-year-old, 3-5-year-old, and 0-5-year-old children. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was used to determine the associations, and socioeconomic status, oral hygiene status, and frequency of in-between-meals sugar consumption were adjusted for. The adjusted prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p values were calculated.
resultsThe prevalence of ECC was 2.1% in 0-2-year-old children and 4.9% in 3-5-year-old children. In adjusted models, underweight, stunting, and wasting/overweight were not significant risk indicators for ECC in either age group. 0-2-year-old children who had amelogenesis imperfecta (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. 3-5-year-old children who had hypoplasia (p = 0.004), amelogenesis imperfecta (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. 0-5-year-old children with hypoplasia (p<0.001) and fluorosis (p<0.001) were more likely to have ECC than were children who did not have these lesions. There were significant associations between various types of malnutrition and various types of enamel defects.
conclusionAlthough different types of malnutrition were associated with enamel defects, and enamel defects were associated with ECC, malnutrition was not associated with ECC. Further studies are needed to clarify the association between malnutrition and genetically and toxin-induced enamel defects.
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