ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2020
The adulterated XANAX pill: a fatal intoxication with etizolam and caffeine.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Contents and Time-Course of Falsified Alprazolam Detections in New South Wales, Australia.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Fake Xanax: Designer Emerging Benzodiazepine Epidemic Linked to Morbidity and Mortality a Narrative Review.Neurology and therapy · 2024Review
- Challenges in Drug Surveillance: Strengthening the Analysis of New Psychoactive Substances by Harmonizing Drug Checking Services in Proficiency Testing.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Molecular Insights and Clinical Outcomes of Drugs of Abuse Adulteration: New Trends and New Psychoactive Substances.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Reports of Adverse Events Associated with Use of Novel Psychoactive Substances, 2017-2020: A Review.Journal of analytical toxicology · 2022Review
- Excipient lung disease in a patient taking the benzodiazepine derivative etizolam: A case report.Radiology case reports · 2022Article
- Comparison of Two Immunoassay Screening Methods and a LC-MS/MS in Detecting Traditional and Designer Benzodiazepines in Urine.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Designer Benzodiazepines: A Review of Toxicology and Public Health Risks.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A 49-year old man was found dead at home next to a glass containing a dried, white, crystalline substance and near a bag containing pills with the imprint XANAX, the trade name of alprazolam. A comprehensive screening of material collected during the autopsy revealed the presence of etizolam and caffeine in lethal concentrations (0.77 μg/mL and 190 μg/mL) but no trace of alprazolam. Benzodiazepine analogue etizolam is rarely prescribed in Germany, and as a result there are not many reports about fatal cases. It has anxiolytic, hypnotic, sedative and muscle-relaxant properties and is used for the short-term treatment of anxiety and panic attacks. The purine alkaloid caffeine, conversely, is the most widely used central nervous system stimulant. The following report outlines potentially the first reported case of a lethal combination of the downer etizolam and the upper caffeine in medical literature.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.