ArticleProgress in orthodontics2020
Symptoms of titanium and nickel allergic sensitization in orthodontic treatment.
Article in Progress in orthodontics, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune Responses in Orthodontic Treatment.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Beyond the Brackets: A Case Report of Acute Angioedema Associated With Orthodontic Treatment.Cureus · 2025Article
- Hypersensitivity in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review of Oral and Extra-Oral Reactions.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Nickel Ion Release in Nickel-Containing Orthodontics Archwires: A Narrative Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.Dentistry journal · 2025Review
- Oral and Extra-Oral Manifestations of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontics: A Comprehensive Review.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2024Review
- Cytotoxicity of Metal Ions Released from NiTi and Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances, Part 1: Surface Morphology and Ion Release Variations.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Minimization of Adverse Effects Associated with Dental Alloys.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- A comprehensive summary of disease variants implicated in metal allergy.Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part B, Critical reviews · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimThe study aimed to evaluate to which extent self-reported symptomatology, age, and sex are predictors of titanium and nickel allergic sensitization in patients in treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances.
methodsThe study analyzed 228 subjects aged 11-45 years (median 18, interquartile range 16-22); 68% of them were females, and 52% were adolescents. The allergic sensitization testing included epicutaneous patch test to titanium, titanium dioxide, titanium oxalate, titanium nitride, and nickel sulfate. The questionnaire on symptoms potentially linked to titanium and nickel sensitization was used.
resultsPrevalence of the allergic sensitization to titanium in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment was 4% (2% only to titanium without nickel) while to nickel 14% (12% nickel without titanium). Hypersensitivity to both metals at the same time was present in 2% of subjects. Sensitization to nickel was more common in females than in males (17 vs. 8%) and much more common in adults than in adolescents with small effect size (20 vs. 8%; p = 0.013). Sensitization to titanium was more common in females than in males (6 vs. 1%) with no difference in age. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that adult age increases the odds for being sensitized to nickel for 2.4 × (95% CI 1.1-5.6; p = 0.044) while watery eyes for 3.7 × (95% CI 1.2-11.1; p = 0.022). None of the symptoms were significant predictors of titanium sensitization.
conclusionAllergic sensitization to titanium and nickel are not very frequent in orthodontic patients, and self-reported symptomatology is a weak predictor of those sensitizations.
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