ArticleBMC musculoskeletal disorders2020
The impact of limb loading and the measurement modality (2D versus 3D) on the measurement of the limb loading dependent lower extremity parameters.
Article in BMC musculoskeletal disorders, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- High variability exists in 3D leg alignment analysis, but underlying principles that might lead to agreement on a universal framework could be identified: A systematic review.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2025Pooled it
- Influence of axial limb rotation on radiographic lower limb alignment: a systematic review.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2022Pooled it
- Quantifying potential leg axis alteration from extramedullary tibial guide malalignment in total knee arthroplasty: a computer simulation.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Significant changes of the mechanical medial proximal tibial angle in dependence of internal and external rotation of the hinge axis in slope correcting infratuberositary tibial deflexion osteotomy.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2026Article
- Weight-bearing computed tomography in knee pathologies: current evidence and future perspectives.Frontiers in surgery · 2026Review
- Combining deep learning with statistical shape modelling enables automated lower limb measurements with observer-level reliability using weight-bearing computed tomography.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2026Article
- Measurement inaccuracies in X-ray planning of deformity correction using a new hexapod calibration device: an experimental approach with CT-correlation.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2025Article
- High agreement of three-dimensional lower limb alignment analysis between a novel cone-beam CT and multislice CT.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Trochlear cartilage status at second-look arthroscopy predicts 2-year outcomes after around-knee osteotomy, especially in older patients.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Opening wedge high tibial osteotomy using patient-specific instruments and custom-made plates results in accurate correction and improved clinical outcome measures at 1-year follow-up.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Preoperative difference between 2D and 3D planning correlates with difference between planned and achieved surgical correction in patient-specific instrumented total knee arthroplasty.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2025Article
- Accuracy of Combined High Tibial Slope Correction Osteotomy Using 3-Dimensional-Planned Patient-Specific Instrumentation.The American journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Investigating patellar motion using weight-bearing dynamic CT: normative values and morphological considerations for healthy volunteers.European radiology experimental · 2024Article
- Deep-learning based 3D reconstruction of lower limb bones from biplanar radiographs for preoperative osteotomy planning.International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery · 2024Article
- Influence of different standing positions on anatomical parameters of coronal whole-leg weight-bearing radiographs in preoperative planning for high tibial osteotomy.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2024Article
- The influence of the weight-bearing state on three-dimensional (3D) planning in lower extremity realignment - analysis of novel vs. state-of-the-art planning approaches.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2024Article
- Validation of a Three-Dimensional Weight-Bearing Measurement Protocol for Medial Open-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- The coronal alignment differs between two-dimensional weight-bearing and three-dimensional nonweight bearing planning in total knee arthroplasty.Journal of experimental orthopaedics · 2024Article
- [Osteotomies around the knee: preoperative planning using CT-based three-dimensional analysis, patient-specific cutting and reduction guides].Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie · 2023Review
- Increased femoral curvature and trochlea flexion in high-grade patellofemoral dysplastic knees.Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDeformity assessment and preoperative planning of realignment surgery are conventionally based on weight-bearing (WB) radiographs. However, newer technologies such as three-dimensional (3D) preoperative planning and surgical navigation with patient-specific instruments (PSI) rely on non-weight bearing (NWB) computed tomography (CT) data. Additionally, differences between conventional two-dimensional (2D) and 3D measurements are known. The goal of the present study was to systematically analyse the influence of WB and the measurement modality (2D versus 3D) on common WB-dependent measurements used for deformity assessment.
methods85 lower limbs could be included. Two readers measured the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) and the joint line convergence angle (JLCA) in 2D WB and 2D NWB radiographs, as well as in CT-reconstructed 3D models using an already established 3D measurement method for HKA, and a newly developed 3D measurement method for JLCA, respectively. Interrater and intermodality reliability was assessed.
resultsSignificant differences between WB and NWB measurements were found for HKA (p < 0.001) and JLCA (p < 0.001). No significant difference could be observed between 2D HKA NWB and 3D HKA (p = 0.09). The difference between 2D JLCA NWB and 3D JLCA was significant (p < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the interrater agreement was almost perfect for all HKA and 3D JLCA measurements and substantial for 2D JLCA WB and 2D JLCA NWB. ICC for the intermodality agreement was almost perfect between 2D HKA WB and 2D HKA NWB as well as between 2D HKA NWB and 3D HKA, whereas it was moderate between 2D JLCA WB and 2D JLCA NWB and between 2D JLCA NWB and 3D JLCA.
conclusionLimb loading results in significant differences for both HKA and JLCA measurements. Furthermore, 2D projections were found to be insufficient to represent 3D joint anatomy in complex cases. With an increasing number of surgical approaches based on NWB CT-reconstructed models, research should focus on the development of 3D planning methods that consider the effects of WB on leg alignment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.