ArticleThe Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association2020
Progression of COVID-19 From Urban to Rural Areas in the United States: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Prevalence Rates.
Article in The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04533360 (Seroprevalence of SARS CoV2 Antibodies Among Adults in Kingman AZ), which is not on this map. Cited by 97 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Seroprevalence of SARS CoV2 Antibodies Among Adults in Kingman AZ
Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Spatio-Temporal COVID-19 Modeling: A Global Systematic Review of Data Integration, Equity, and Lessons for Pandemic Preparedness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Pooled it
- Urban and Rural Disparities in COVID-19 Outcomes in the United States: A Systematic Review.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2025Pooled it
- Spatial and spatiotemporal machine learning models for COVID-19 dynamics: a review of methodology and reporting practices.Epidemiologic reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Methods Used in the Spatial and Spatiotemporal Analysis of COVID-19 Epidemiology: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rural Food Security in High Income Countries: A Systematic Literature Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Why People Share (Or Don't): Race/Ethnicity and Contextual Correlates of Willingness to Disclose Contact Information During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Rural North Carolina.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- A national growth mixture modeling analysis of county-level COVID-19 incidence rate trajectories and health inequities during three successive pandemic waves in 2020.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Early detection of emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants from wastewater through genome sequencing and machine learning.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Occupational risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among healthcare workers in Bangladesh: a multicenter hospital-based study and lessons for future epidemics.Tropical medicine and health · 2024Article
- Rurality and COVID-19 Outcomes: Unraveling the Impact of Nursing Home Residency Using Bayesian Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Spatiotemporal Ecologic Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Outcomes, Oklahoma, USA, February 2020-December 2021.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
- County-Level Factors Associated With Influenza and COVID-19 Vaccination in Indiana, 2020‒2022.American journal of public health · 2024Article
- Assessing the Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gastric Cancer Mortality Risk.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Dimensions of Uncertainty: A spatiotemporal review of five COVID-19 datasets.Cartography and geographic information science · 2024Article
- Prevalence and predictors of prenatal depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multistage observational study in Beijing, China.PloS one · 2024Observational
- Risk perceptions and behaviors concerning rural tourism and economic-political drivers of COVID-19 policy in 2020.PloS one · 2024Article
- Study of seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Kazakhstan.Epidemiology and infection · 2023Article
- Spatial variations of the third and fourth COVID-19 waves in Hong Kong: A comparative study using built environment and socio-demographic characteristics.Environment and planning. B, urban analytics and city science · 2023Article
- Are at-risk sociodemographic attributes stable across COVID-19 transmission waves?Spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Hospitalization Trends in Rural Versus Urban Areas in the United States.Medical care research and review : MCRR · 2023Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThere are growing signs that the COVID-19 virus has started to spread to rural areas and can impact the rural health care system that is already stretched and lacks resources. To aid in the legislative decision process and proper channelizing of resources, we estimated and compared the county-level change in prevalence rates of COVID-19 by rural-urban status over 3 weeks. Additionally, we identified hotspots based on estimated prevalence rates.
methodsWe used crowdsourced data on COVID-19 and linked them to county-level demographics, smoking rates, and chronic diseases. We fitted a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm in R-studio. We mapped the estimated prevalence rates using ArcGIS 10.8, and identified hotspots using Gettis-Ord local statistics.
findingsIn the rural counties, the mean prevalence of COVID-19 increased from 3.6 per 100,000 population to 43.6 per 100,000 within 3 weeks from April 3 to April 22, 2020. In the urban counties, the median prevalence of COVID-19 increased from 10.1 per 100,000 population to 107.6 per 100,000 within the same period. The COVID-19 adjusted prevalence rates in rural counties were substantially elevated in counties with higher black populations, smoking rates, and obesity rates. Counties with high rates of people aged 25-49 years had increased COVID-19 prevalence rates.
conclusionsOur findings show a rapid spread of COVID-19 across urban and rural areas in 21 days. Studies based on quality data are needed to explain further the role of social determinants of health on COVID-19 prevalence.
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