ArticlePediatric research2021
Biomarkers of neonatal skin barrier adaptation reveal substantial differences compared to adult skin.
Article in Pediatric research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sampling the skin surface chemistry for diagnosis and prognosis.Wound repair and regeneration : official publication of the Wound Healing Society [and] the European Tissue Repair Society · 2022Pooled it
- Activation of MyD88/IRAK1 axis and downstream proinflammatory signaling in healthy adult and neonatal African American skin.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2026Article
- Skin as a Potential Entry Point for SARS-CoV-2 Virus.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- SKIN AS A POTENTIAL ENTRY POINT FOR SARS-COV-2.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Distinct Risk Factors Contribute to Variations in Early Life Eczema Prevalence in Ethnically Chinese Children From Shanghai and Singapore.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2025Article
- Epidemiological trends and disparities in the global burden of bacterial skin diseases among children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021: an analysis based on GBD 2021.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin Microbiome and Its Psychological Consequences.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- The dynamic balance of the skin microbiome across the lifespan.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Review
- Early life host-microbe interactions in skin.Cell host & microbe · 2022Review
- Epidermal Immunity and Function: Origin in Neonatal Skin.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2022Review
- Article
- Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in High-Risk Infants: A Review of the Role of Lipid-Based Barrier Repair Therapy.Pediatric dermatologyReview
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe objective of this study was to measure skin characteristics in premature (PT), late preterm (LPT), and full-term (FT) neonates compared with adults at two times (T1, T2).
methodsSkin samples of 61 neonates and 34 adults were analyzed for protein biomarkers, natural moisturizing factor (NMF), and biophysical parameters. Infant groups were: <34 weeks (PT), 34-<37 weeks (LPT), and ≥37 weeks (FT).
resultsForty proteins were differentially expressed in FT infant skin, 38 in LPT infant skin, and 12 in PT infant skin compared with adult skin at T1. At T2, 40 proteins were differentially expressed in FT infants, 38 in LPT infants, and 54 in PT infants compared with adults. All proteins were increased at both times, except TMG3, S100A7, and PEBP1, and decreased in PTs at T1. The proteins are involved in filaggrin processing, protease inhibition/enzyme regulation, and antimicrobial function. Eight proteins were decreased in PT skin compared with FT skin at T1. LPT and FT proteins were generally comparable at both times. Total NMF was lower in infants than adults at T1, but higher in infants at T2.
conclusionsNeonates respond to the physiological transitions at birth by upregulating processes that drive the production of lower pH of the skin and water-binding NMF components, prevent protease activity leading to desquamation, and increase the barrier antimicrobial properties. IMPACT: Neonates respond to the transitions at birth by upregulating processes that drive the production of lower pH of the skin and NMF, prevent protease activity leading to desquamation, and increase the antimicrobial properties of the barrier. The neonatal epidermal barrier exhibits a markedly different array of protein biomarkers both shortly after birth and 2-3 months later, which are differentially expressed versus adults. The major biomarker-functional classes included filaggrin processing, protease inhibitor/enzyme regulators, antimicrobials, keratins, lipids, and cathepsins. The findings will guide improvement of infant skin care practices, particularly for the most premature infants with the ultimate goals mitigating nosocomial infection.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.