ReviewHuman brain mapping2022
Mega-analysis methods in ENIGMA: The experience of the generalized anxiety disorder working group.
Open access · goldAbstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Human brain mapping, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 64 papers, 10 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
64citing papers in PubMed, 10 pooled it
5.9field-weighted citation impact, top 3% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
64 citing papers in PubMed, 10 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Genome-wide meta-analysis of quantitatively measured generalized anxiety symptoms in individuals of European ancestry.Nature human behaviour · 2026Pooled it
- Brain Aging in Specific Phobia: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.Human brain mapping · 2026Pooled it
- Advancing image-based meta-analysis through systematic use of crowdsourced NeuroVault data.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Uncovering the hidden effects of repetitive subconcussive head impact exposure: A mega-analytic approach characterizing seasonal brain microstructural changes in contact and collision sports athletes.Human brain mapping · 2024Pooled it
- Grey matter structural alterations in anxiety disorders: a voxel-based meta-analysis.Brain imaging and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of resting-state fMRI in anxiety disorders: Need for data sharing to move the field forward.Journal of anxiety disorders · 2023Pooled it
- Cortical morphology in patients with the deficit and non-deficit syndrome of schizophrenia: a worldwide meta- and mega-analyses.Molecular psychiatry · 2023Pooled it
- Epigenome-wide association study of global cortical volumes in generation Scotland: Scottish family health study.Epigenetics · 2022Pooled it
- Shape analysis of subcortical structures in obsessive-compulsive disorder and the relationship with comorbid anxiety, depression, and medication use: A meta-analysis by the OCD Brain Imaging Consortium.Brain and behavior · 2022Pooled it
- Pathological fear, anxiety and negative affect exhibit distinct neurostructural signatures: evidence from psychiatric neuroimaging meta-analysis.Translational psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Brain Ageing in Social Anxiety Disorder: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis Across 26 International Cohorts.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- The ENIGMA MEG Pipeline: Automated cortically localized spectral analysis of multi-site resting state MEG datasets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Harmonization in magnetic resonance imaging: A survey of acquisition, image-level, and feature-level methods.Medical image analysis · 2026Review
- Brain age prediction in generalized anxiety disorder using a convolutional neural network.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Structural brain differences associated with panic disorder: an ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group mega-analysis of 4924 individuals worldwide.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Brain morphology in Anorexia Nervosa and its subtypes: A multi-cohort study of individual participant data.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Structural Brain Correlates of Childhood Inhibited Temperament: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2026Article
- Dynamic expectation strength and precision shape human pain perception through shared and dissociable α-oscillatory mechanisms.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Convergent structural brain alterations in chronic pain: a multi-metric individual participant data meta-analysis.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Comparison of automated white matter lesion segmentation approaches for use in large, multi-site data analyses in Parkinson's disease.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
4 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
88 authors at 20 institutions in 11 countries.
André ZugmanNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6126-7759
Anita HarrewijnNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Elise M CardinaleNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Hannah ZwiebelNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Gabrielle F FreitagNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Katy E WerwathNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Janna M Bas-HoogendamLeiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-8982-1670
Nynke A GroenewoldDepartment of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Moji AghajaniDepartment. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Kevin HilbertDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Narcis CardonerDepartment of Mental Health, University Hospital Parc Taulí-I3PT, Barcelona, Spain.
Daniel Porta-CasteràsDepartment of Mental Health, University Hospital Parc Taulí-I3PT, Barcelona, Spain.
Savannah GosnellMenninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Ramiro SalasMenninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1105-566X
Karina S BlairCenter for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA.
James R BlairCenter for Neurobehavioral Research, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, Nebraska, USA.
Mira Z HammoudDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
Mohammed MiladDepartment of Psychiatry, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
Katie BurkhouseDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
K Luan PhanDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
Heidi K SchroederDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Jeffrey R StrawnDepartment of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Katja Beesdo-BaumBehavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
Sophia I ThomopoulosImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
Hans J GrabeDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Sandra Van der AuweraDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Katharina WittfeldDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
Jared A NielsenDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Randy BucknerDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Jordan W SmollerDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Benson MwangiCenter Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
Jair C SoaresCenter Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
Mon-Ju WuCenter Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
Giovana B Zunta-SoaresCenter Of Excellence On Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
Andrea P JackowskiLiNC, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Pedro M PanLiNC, Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
Giovanni A SalumSection on Negative Affect and Social Processes, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Michal AssafOlin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
Gretchen J DiefenbachAnxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut, USA.
Paolo BrambillaDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
Eleonora MaggioniDepartment of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
David HofmannInstitute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3494-634X
Thomas StraubeInstitute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
Carmen AndreescuDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3767-5127
Rachel BertaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Erica TamburoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Rebecca PriceDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Gisele G ManfroAnxiety Disorder Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Hugo D CritchleyDepartment of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Elena MakovacCentre for Neuroimaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7018-1906
Matteo ManciniDepartment of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Frances MeetenSchool of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK.
Cristina OttavianiDepartment of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Federica AgostaNeuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Elisa CanuNeuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Camilla CividiniNeuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Massimo FilippiNeuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-5485-0479
Milutin KostićInstitute of Mental Health, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Ana MunjizaInstitute of Mental Health, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
Courtney A FilippiNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Ellen LeibenluftNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Bianca A V AlbertonGraduate Program in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Puerto Rico, Brazil.
Nicholas L BalderstonCenter for Neuromodulation in Depression and Stress, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Monique ErnstNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Christian GrillonNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Lilianne R Mujica-ParodiDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
Helena van NieuwenhuizenDepartment of Physics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
Gregory A FonzoDepartment of Psychiatry, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA.
Martin P PaulusLaureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.
Murray B SteinDepartment of Psychiatry & Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, California, USA.
Raquel E GurDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Ruben C GurDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Antonia N KaczkurkinDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Bart LarsenDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Theodore D SatterthwaiteDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Jennifer HarperDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Michael MyersDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Michael T PerinoDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Qiongru YuDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Chad M SylvesterDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Dick J VeltmanDepartment. of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC/VUMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Ulrike LuekenDepartment of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Nic J A Van der WeeLeiden University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Dan J SteinDepartment of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Neda JahanshadImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
Paul M ThompsonImaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, California, USA.
Daniel S PineNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Anderson M WinklerNational Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-4169-9781
National Institutes of Health · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · USWashington University in St. Louis · USThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston · USUniversity of Pittsburgh · USUniversitätsmedizin Greifswald · DEUniversity of Southern California · USAmsterdam Neuroscience · NLBaylor College of Medicine · USBoys Town · USBrighton and Sussex Medical School · GBFondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico · ITHartford Hospital · USHarvard University · USHumboldt-Universität zu Berlin · DEIstituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico · ITNew York University · USStony Brook University · USUniversidade Federal de São Paulo · BRUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul · BR
Funding
fMRI Studies Of Pediatric Mood And Anxiety DisordersZIAMH002781 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI PINE, DANIEL · 2009 to 2025
$41.5MThe Psychophysiology Of Fear And AnxietyZIAMH002798 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI GRILLON, CHRISTIAN · 2009 to 2022
$29.0MFmri Studies Of Risk For Mood And Anxiety Disorders In ChildrenZIAMH002782 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI PINE, DANIEL · 2009 to 2025
$28.3MTraining U54EB020403 · NIBIB · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2014 to 2018
$10.1MDevelopmental Neuroscience and Child PsychopathologyT32MH100019 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Deanna Barch, JOAN L. LUBY · 2013 to 2026
$4.8MNeonatal Brain Activity and Risk for Anxiety Disorders in Early ChildhoodR01MH122389 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Chad Michael Sylvester · 2020 to 2026
$3.9MNeural and Genetic Basis of Negative Valance TraitsR01MH101486 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI BUCKNER, RANDY L, SMOLLER, JORDAN W · 2013 to 2016
$2.6MENIGMA-SD: Understanding Sex Differences in Global Mental Health through ENIGMAR01MH116147 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI THOMPSON, PAUL M · 2018 to 2021
$2.5MfMRI Study Of Risk Of Mood/Anxiety Disorders In ChildrenZ01MH002782 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI PINE, DANIEL · 2002 to 2008
$1.7MFmri Studies Of Pediatric Mood And Anxiety DisordersZ01MH002781 · NIMH · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH · PI PINE, DANIEL · 2002 to 2008
$1.5MATTENTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONAL BRAIN NETWORKS IN PEDIATRIC ANXIETY DISORDERSK23MH109983 · NIMH · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SYLVESTER, CHAD MICHAEL · 2016 to 2020
$1.1MComputational neuroimaging of reward in post-trauma psychopathologyK23MH114023 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI FONZO, GREGORY · 2018 to 2022
$957kIntramural NIH HHS Z01 MH002781Intramural NIH HHS Z01 MH002782NIBIB NIH HHS U54 EB020403NICHD NIH HHS K99 HD105002NICHD NIH HHS R00 HD105002NIH HHS K23MH109983NIH HHS R01MH101486NIH HHS T32MH100019NIH HHS U54-EB020403NIH HHS ZIA-MH002781NIH HHS ZIA-MH002782NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH109983NIMH NIH HHS K23 MH114023NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH101486NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH116147NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH122389NIMH NIH HHS T32 MH100019
Abstract
The ENIGMA group on Generalized Anxiety Disorder (ENIGMA-Anxiety/GAD) is part of a broader effort to investigate anxiety disorders using imaging and genetic data across multiple sites worldwide. The group is actively conducting a mega-analysis of a large number of brain structural scans. In this process, the group was confronted with many methodological challenges related to study planning and implementation, between-country transfer of subject-level data, quality control of a considerable amount of imaging data, and choices related to statistical methods and efficient use of resources. This report summarizes the background information and rationale for the various methodological decisions, as well as the approach taken to implement them. The goal is to document the approach and help guide other research groups working with large brain imaging data sets as they develop their own analytic pipelines for mega-analyses.
Indexed as
Data Interpretation, StatisticalMeta-Analysis as TopicMulticenter Studies as TopicNeuroimagingAnxiety DisordersCerebral CortexHumansdata sharinggeneralized anxiety disordermega-analysesmeta-analysesneuroimaging
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