ReviewFrontiers in immunology2020
The Use of Toll-Like Receptor Agonists in HIV-1 Cure Strategies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety and efficacy of toll-like receptor agonists as therapeutic agents and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases in animals: a systematic review.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Pooled it
- Impact of a TLR9 agonist and broadly neutralizing antibodies on HIV-1 persistence: the randomized phase 2a TITAN trial.Nature medicine · 2023Trial
- Opportunities and challenges in achieving a functional cure for HIV.Infectious diseases & immunity · 2026Review
- CircRNA profiles of extracellular vesicle-enriched fractions from ART suppressed pregnant women living with HIV identifies interactome networks key to inflammation and viral latency.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Hepatic Viral Reservoirs in Concurrent HIV and HBV: From Mechanistic Insight to Integrated Cure Strategies.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Immunoinformatic Prediction of HIV-1 Glycoprotein gp120 and Nef Epitopes Conjugated to HBsAg-Binding Protein (SBP) to Induce the Humoral and Cellular Immune Response.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Novel bioinformatics approaches to design epitope-based vaccine against HIV latency by inquiring CTL epitopes and built-in adjuvants.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- HIV-1 infection of macrophages differentially primes NK-cell cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine production.iScience · 2025Article
- Biological sex and age influence GS-9620 activity ex vivo.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Involvement of nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors in human diseases and their controlling mechanisms.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Toll-like receptor response to Zika virus infection: progress toward infection control.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Editorial: The global phenotypic diversity of HIV-1: implications for pathogenesis, vaccine, and cure.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exploring potential associations between the human microbiota and reservoir of latent HIV.Retrovirology · 2024Review
- Review
- The impact of sex on HIV immunopathogenesis and therapeutic interventions.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2024Review
- Special Issue "The Role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Infection and Inflammation 2.0".International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Reverse vaccinology approaches to design a potent multiepitope vaccine against the HIV whole genome: immunoinformatic, bioinformatics, and molecular dynamics approaches.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors and part of the first line of defense against invading microbes. In humans, we know of 10 different TLRs, which are expressed to varying degrees in immune cell subsets. Engaging TLRs through their specific ligands leads to activation of the innate immune system and secondarily priming of the adaptive immune system. Because of these unique properties, TLR agonists have been investigated as immunotherapy in cancer treatment for many years, but in recent years there has also been growing interest in the use of TLR agonists in the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure research. The primary obstacle to curing HIV-1 is the presence of a latent viral reservoir in transcriptionally silent immune cells. Due to the very limited transcription of the integrated HIV-1 proviruses, latently infected cells cannot be targeted and cleared by immune effector mechanisms. TLR agonists are very interesting in this context because of their potential dual effects as latency reverting agents (LRAs) and immune modulatory compounds. Here, we review preclinical and clinical data on the impact of TLR stimulation on HIV-1 latency as well as antiviral and HIV-1-specific immunity. We also focus on the promising role of TLR agonists in combination strategies in HIV-1 cure research. Different combinations of TLR agonists and broadly neutralizing antibodies or TLRs agonists as adjuvants in HIV-1 vaccines have shown very encouraging results in non-human primate experiments and these concepts are now moving into clinical testing.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.