ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2020
Interpersonal Distance During Real-Time Social Interaction: Insights From Subjective Experience, Behavior, and Physiology.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 61 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomised controlled test in virtual reality of the effects on paranoid thoughts of virtual humans' facial animation and expression.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Teaching through technology: comparing student experiences of VR and computer simulations in orthoptics education.Bioelectronic medicine · 2026Article
- Social exclusion increases interpersonal distance through need threat: buffering and amplifying roles of social identification and rejection sensitivity.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Cultural and relational factors in interpersonal distance regulation: evidence from a 2D screen-based task in Spain, Italy, and Japan.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Evolution of networks in virtual reality: A scalable framework for studying social dynamics of small groups.PloS one · 2026Article
- Aberrant personal space is associated with paranoia, altered stress regulation, and unfavourable outcomes at 6 months' follow-up in schizophrenia.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Neural correlates of personal space regulation in psychosis: role of the inferior parietal cortex.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Waist rotation angle as indicator of probable human collision-avoidance direction for autonomous mobile robots.PloS one · 2025Article
- Altered representation of peripersonal and interpersonal space in psychopathology.Clinical psychology review · 2024Review
- I can't feel your face: callous-unemotional traits, social anxiety, and approach-avoidance behaviour in conduct disorder.Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health · 2024Article
- Virtually simulated interpersonal touch negatively affects perceived closeness and social affiliation to an avatar partner.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Virtual Reality exposure therapy in the treatment of public speaking anxiety and social anxiety disorder.Neuroscience applied · 2024Review
- Article
- A new approach for social group detection based on spatio-temporal interpersonal distance measurement.Heliyon · 2022Article
- Face masks reduce interpersonal distance in virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Neural and behavioral alterations of a real-time interpersonal distance (IPD) development process in differing social status interactions.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Article
- Fading boundaries between the physical and the social world: Insights and novel techniques from the intersection of these two fields.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- Neural Alterations in Interpersonal Distance (IPD) Cognition and Its Correlation with IPD Behavior: A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2021Review
- Outbreak of COVID-19 altered the relationship between memory bias and depressive degree in nonclinical depression.iScience · 2021Article
- Social Distancing During A COVID-19 Lockdown Contributes to The Maintenance of Social Anxiety: A Natural Experiment.Cognitive therapy and research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Physical distance is a prominent feature in face-to-face social interactions and allows regulating social encounters. Close interpersonal distance (IPD) increases emotional responses during interaction and has been related to avoidance behavior in social anxiety. However, a systematic investigation of the effects of IPD on subjective experience combined with measures of physiological arousal and behavioral responses during real-time social interaction has been missing. Virtual Reality allows for a controlled manipulation of IPD while maintaining naturalistic social encounters. The present study investigates IPD in social interaction using a novel paradigm in Virtual Reality. Thirty-six participants approached virtual agents and engaged in short interactions. IPD was varied between 3.5 and 1 m by manipulating the distance at which agents reacted to the participant's approach. Closer distances were rated as more arousing, less pleasant, and less natural than longer distances and this effect was significantly modulated by social anxiety scores. Skin conductance responses were also increased at short distances compared to longer distances. Finally, an interaction of IPD and social anxiety was observed for avoidance behavior, measured as participants' backward motion during interaction, with stronger avoidance related to close distances and high values of social anxiety. These results highlight the influence of IPD on experience, physiological response, and behavior during social interaction. The interaction of social anxiety and IPD suggests including the manipulation of IPD in behavioral tests in Virtual Reality as a promising tool for the treatment of social anxiety disorder.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.