ArticleJournal of epidemiology2021
Widening Socioeconomic Inequalities in Smoking in Japan, 2001-2016.
Article in Journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Transgenerational consequences of grandparents' smoking on grandchildren's development: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of digital tools for smoking cessation in Asian countries: a systematic review.Annals of medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Trends in self-reported current diabetes care use, socioeconomic inequalities, and associated factors in Japan: evidence from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions (1986-2022).BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2026Article
- Educational inequalities in site-specific cancer mortality: a Japanese census-linked study.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Development of a comprehensive mortality database in Japan through data linkage of population census and vital statistics.Population health metrics · 2026Article
- Clinico-epidemiological Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori-naïve Undifferentiated Gastric Cancer.Internal medicine (Tokyo, Japan) · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in any tobacco use versus current smoking across 66 DHS countries: Indirect implications for smokeless tobacco and oral cancer prevention.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Analysis of pooled cross-sectional study data on smoking among pregnant and nursing mothers after a disaster: Pregnancy and birth survey of the Fukushima health management survey.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Enhancing the long-term abstinence rate of smoking through telemedicine: A multicenter, retrospective cohort study in Japan.PloS one · 2026Article
- Smoking status and the onset of suicidal ideation among adults in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- Forecasting age-standardized incidence rates of gastric cancer from 1990-2050 in Japan according to H. pylori prevalence and eradication scenarios.Journal of gastroenterology · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Concerns About Smoking-Related Health Risks: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the 2021 International Tobacco Control Japan and Korea Surveys.Drug and alcohol review · 2025Article
- Article
- Quantifying the contributions of cardiovascular risk factors to cardiovascular disease trends in 21st century Japan: a microsimulation study.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Birth cohort-specific smoking patterns in Japan (1906-2004): a population-based study from the NC-CCAPH consortium.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Regular Smoking Accelerates the Decline in Masticatory Performance in Japanese Men: The Suita Study.Journal of oral rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Analysis and prediction of subarachnoid hemorrhage burden in global, China, and Japan.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Trends in Smoking and Flavored Tobacco Use in California: Black-White Disparities, 2003-2023.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Switching from Cigarettes to Heated Tobacco Products in Japan-Potential Impact on Health Outcomes and Associated Health Care Costs.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Modifiable risk factors of inequalities in hypertension: analysis of 100 million health checkups recipients.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundJapan is one of the world's largest tobacco epidemic countries but few studies have focused on socioeconomic inequalities. We aimed to examine whether socioeconomic inequalities in smoking have reduced in Japan in recent times.
methodsWe analyzed data from the Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions, a large nationally representative survey conducted every 3 years (n ≈ 700,000 per year) in Japan, during 2001-2016. Age-standardized smoking prevalence was computed based on occupational class and educational level. We calculated smoking prevalence difference (PD) and ratio (PR) of (a) manual workers versus upper non-manual workers and (b) low versus high educational level. The slope index of inequality (SII) and relative index inequality (RII) by educational level were used as inequality measures.
resultsOverall smoking prevalence (25-64 years) decreased from 56.0% to 38.4% among men and from 17.0% to 13.0% among women during 2001-2016. The PD between manual and upper non-manual workers (25-64 years) increased from 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0-12.9%) to 14.6% (95% CI, 13.5-15.6%) during 2001-2016. In 2016, smoking prevalence (25-64 years) for low, middle, and highly educated individuals were 57.8%, 43.9%, and 27.8% for men, and 34.7%, 15.9%, and 5.6% for women, respectively. SII and RII by educational level increased among both sexes. Larger socioeconomic differences in smoking prevalence were observed in younger generations, which suggests that socioeconomic inequalities in smoking evolve in a cohort pattern.
conclusionsSocioeconomic inequalities in smoking widened between 2001 and 2016 in Japan, which indicates that health inequalities will continue to exist in near future.
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