ArticleEye (London, England)2021
Prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy using 2018 Royal College of Ophthalmologists diagnostic criteria.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 29 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk of Retinopathy Associated with Long-Term Use of Hydroxychloroquine in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Arthritis care & research · 2026Pooled it
- The 2026 British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of children, young people and adults with systemic lupus erythematosus.Rheumatology (Oxford, England) · 2026Guideline
- Validation of a Machine Learning Approach to the Analysis of Multifocal Electroretinograms for Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy in a UK Single-Centre Cohort: A Retrospective Study of Risk Factors and Dosing Trends.Cureus · 2025Article
- Application of SS-OCTA to evaluate the effects of long-term hydroxychloroquine treatment on retinal structure and microcirculation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Ellipsoid Zone Hyporeflectivity as an Early Sign of Non-Reversible Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy: A Case Series.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2025Article
- Novel electroretinography devices to detect hydroxychloroquine retinopathy: study protocol for a diagnostic accuracy and feasibility study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Maculopathies: A Systematic Literature Review on Pathophysiology, Public Health, and Treatment.Cureus · 2024Review
- Decreased peri-parafoveal RPE, EZ and ELM intensity: A novel predictive biomarker for hydroxychloroquine retinal toxicity.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- The incidence, monitoring coverage and clinical characteristics of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2024Observational
- Utility of hydroxychloroquine laboratory monitoring in dermatologic and rheumatologic patients.Archives of dermatological research · 2024Article
- Hydroxychloroquine in obstetrics: potential implications of the prophylactic use of hydroxychloroquine for placental insufficiency during pregnancy.Obstetrics & gynecology science · 2024Article
- Ocular fundus changes and association with systemic conditions in systemic lupus erythematosus.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Whole blood hydroxychloroquine: Does genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 enzymes have a role?Clinical and experimental medicine · 2023Review
- A nationwide survey of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy presenting to the hospital eye service in the United Kingdom.Eye (London, England) · 2023Article
- Bull's Eye Maculopathy in Near-Infrared Reflectance as An Early Sign of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening guidelines: a false positive.BMJ case reports · 2023Article
- Hydroxychloroquine-induced Retinal Toxicity.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Machine Learning-Based Automated Detection of Hydroxychloroquine Toxicity and Prediction of Future Toxicity Using Higher-Order OCT Biomarkers.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2022Article
- Retinal toxicity in a multinational inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus on hydroxychloroquine.Lupus science & medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionTo measure the prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy in patients attending a hydroxychloroquine monitoring service using 2018 Royal College of Ophthalmologists diagnostic criteria.
methodsA service evaluation audit of a hydroxychloroquine retinopathy monitoring service was undertaken. Results of Humphrey 10-2 field tests, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography and fundus autofluorescence were collected with data on dose, weight, duration of treatment, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and concurrent tamoxifen therapy. Visual field tests were assessed as reliable or unreliable, and classified as normal, hydroxychloroquine-like, poor test or related to other pathology. Cases of definite and possible retinopathy were identified using the 2018 RCOphth criteria.
resultsThere were 1976 attendances over two years of 1597 patients. Seven hundred and twenty-eight patients had taken hydroxychloroquine for less than 5 years and 869 had taken hydroxychloroquine for 5 years or more. Fourteen patients were identified with definite hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (1.6%), and 41 patients with possible retinopathy (4.7%). Sixty-seven per cent of 861 visual fields were performed reliably, with 66.9% classified as normal, 24.9% as poor test, 5.2% hydroxychloroquine-like and 3.0% abnormal due to other pathology.
conclusionsThe 1.6% prevalence of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy is lower than the previously reported prevalence of 7.5% as reported by Melles and Marmor JAMA Ophthalmol 132: 1453-60 (2014). This is because of a difference in the diagnostic criteria. Both definite and possible retinopathy would meet the diagnostic criteria of the Melles and Marmor study; 6.3% in our data, compared with 7.5%, a much smaller difference and likely to be explained by differences in the risk characteristics of the two groups.
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