ReviewThe European respiratory journal2021
Treatment options in type-2 low asthma.
Review in The European respiratory journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 111 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
111 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 166 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictors of Response to Biologics for Severe Asthma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Allergy · 2026Pooled it
- Safety and efficacy of tezepelumab vs. placebo in adult patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2022Pooled it
- Combination fixed-dose β agonist and steroid inhaler as required for adults or children with mild asthma: a Cochrane systematic review.BMJ evidence-based medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Macrolides versus placebo for chronic asthma.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Inhaled siRNA therapy targeting RAGE for pulmonary inflammation: a first-in-human randomized trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of tailored pulmonary rehabilitation in participants with difficult-to-control asthma and elevated body mass index.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2022Trial
- Type 2-low Asthma: Epidemiology, Multiomics, and Emerging Therapies.Current allergy and asthma reports · 2026Review
- From Airway Inflammation to Molecular Remodeling: Integrating YKL-40, MBL and Epigenetic Biomarkers in Asthma and COPD.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Tezepelumab in patients with asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Review
- Obesity and asthma: obesity causes and aggravates asthma across the entire type-2 inflammation spectrum.The European respiratory journal · 2026Review
- Review
- Triggering mechanisms of acute thunderstorm asthma: epithelial barrier disruption and immune dysregulation.Respiratory research · 2026Review
- Type-2 Biomarkers, Asthma Diagnosis and Lung Function Impairment in the General Population.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2026Article
- Neutrophil extracellular traps in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pathogenic roles, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Article
- Alleviation of Chitin- and Ovalbumin-Induced Steroid-Resistant Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation Associated with NLRP3 Axis Inhibition in a Mouse Model.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Article
- Systemic immune programming in the life course of childhood asthma: a new perspective on monocyte pre-activation and trained immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Airway epithelial dysfunction in asthma pathogenesis: epigenetic mechanisms, inflammatory crosstalk, and therapeutic opportunities.Frontiers in allergy · 2026Review
51 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies targeting IgE or the type-2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are proving highly effective in reducing exacerbations and symptoms in people with severe allergic and eosinophilic asthma, respectively. However, these therapies are not appropriate for 30-50% of patients in severe asthma clinics who present with non-allergic, non-eosinophilic, "type-2 low" asthma. These patients constitute an important and common clinical asthma phenotype, driven by distinct, yet poorly understood pathobiological mechanisms. In this review we describe the heterogeneity and clinical characteristics of type-2 low asthma and summarise current knowledge on the underlying pathobiological mechanisms, which includes neutrophilic airway inflammation often associated with smoking, obesity and occupational exposures and may be driven by persistent bacterial infections and by activation of a recently described IL-6 pathway. We review the evidence base underlying existing treatment options for specific treatable traits that can be identified and addressed. We focus particularly on severe asthma as opposed to difficult-to-treat asthma, on emerging data on the identification of airway bacterial infection, on the increasing evidence base for the use of long-term low-dose macrolides, a critical appraisal of bronchial thermoplasty, and evidence for the use of biologics in type-2 low disease. Finally, we review ongoing research into other pathways including tumour necrosis factor, IL-17, resolvins, apolipoproteins, type I interferons, IL-6 and mast cells. We suggest that type-2 low disease frequently presents opportunities for identification and treatment of tractable clinical problems; it is currently a rapidly evolving field with potential for the development of novel targeted therapeutics.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.