ArticleBMC public health2020
Geographic and socioeconomic disparity in cardiovascular risk factors in Indonesia: analysis of the Basic Health Research 2018.
Article in BMC public health, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 45 citations in OpenAlex.
- Where Are the Gaps in Diabetes Care? An Evidence Gap Mapping of the Diabetes Patient Journey in Indonesia.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2026Pooled it
- The role of household food insecurity in malnutrition among Indonesian children under 5 years of age: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015-2025).Public health nutrition · 2026Pooled it
- Hypertension care performance in Indonesia: evidence from three waves of nationally representative cross-sectional surveys.BMJ open · 2025Article
- The use of oral contraceptives and the risks of developing prehypertension and hypertension in women of reproductive age: findings from a population-based survey in Indonesia.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in hypertension and its determinants in people over 60 years in Fasa, southern Iran: a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A Global Perspective on Socioeconomic Determinants of Cardiovascular Health.The Canadian journal of cardiology · 2025Review
- Burden of stroke in adolescents and young adults (aged 15-39 years) in South East Asia: a trend analysis from 1990 to 2021 based on the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in stroke · 2025Article
- Comparing the Association Between Depressive Symptoms and Cardiovascular Disease Among the Middle-Aged and Elderly Population: A National Survey of 9,049 Subjects Based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5.Vascular health and risk management · 2025Article
- Does a sprawling neighborhood affect obesity? Evidence from Indonesia.International journal of health economics and management · 2024Article
- Impact of SGLT-2 inhibitors on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in Romanian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2024Article
- Implementation of mobile-health technology is associated with five-year survival among individuals in rural areas of Indonesia.PLOS digital health · 2024Article
- In-hospital mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after implementation of national health insurance (NHI) in Indonesia.BMC health services research · 2024Article
- Hypertension care cascades and reducing inequities in cardiovascular disease in low- and middle-income countries.Nature medicine · 2024Article
- Risk estimation for recurrent cardiovascular events using the SMART-REACH model and direct inpatient cost profiling in Indonesian ASCVD patients: a large-scale multicenter study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2024Article
- Beyond the Plate: Uncovering Inequalities in Fruit and Vegetable Intake across Indonesian Districts.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Does the Disparity Patterning Differ between Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Hypertension among Adults? Evidence from Indonesia.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Exposure to Outdoor Tobacco Advertisements Near Home is Associated with Smoking among Youth in Indonesia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022Article
- Geographic and Socioeconomic Disparity in Child Undernutrition across 514 Districts in Indonesia.Nutrients · 2022Article
- Low physical activity is associated with adverse health outcome and higher costs in Indonesia: A national panel study.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) accounted for over 17 million deaths and 353 million disability-adjusted life years lost in 2016. The risk factors are also high and increasing with high blood pressure, smoking, and high body mass index contributed to up to 212 million disability-adjusted life years in 2016. To help reduce the burden, it is crucial to understand the geographic and socioeconomic disparities in CVD risk factors.
methodsEmploying both geospatial and quantitative analyses, we analyzed the disparities in the prevalence of smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in Indonesia. CVD data was from Riskesdas 2018, and socioeconomic data was from the World Bank.
resultsOur findings show a very high prevalence of CVD risk factors with the prevalence of smoking, physical activity, obesity, hypertension ranged from 28 to 33%. Results also show the geographic disparity in CVD risk factors in all five Indonesian regions. Moreover, results show socioeconomic disparity with the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are higher among urban and the richest and most educated districts while that physical inactivity and smoking is higher among rural and the least educated districts.
conclusionThe CVD burden is high and increasing in particularly among urban areas and districts with higher income and education levels. While the government needs to continue tackling the persistent burden from maternal mortality and infectious diseases, they need to put more effort into the prevention and control of CVDs and their risk factors.
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