ArticleWorld journal of educational research (Los Angeles, Calif.)2020
Understanding America: Unequal Economic Returns of Years of Schooling in Whites and Blacks.
Article in World journal of educational research (Los Angeles, Calif.), 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Income Inequality, Gender Disparities, and Ethnic Differences: Investigating Allostatic Load in American Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Neighborhood environment associations with cognitive function and structural brain measures in older African Americans.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma.Open journal of neuroscience · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Comparison of univariate and bivariate Poisson regression methods in the analysis of determinants of female schooling and fertility in Malawi.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Race, Educational Attainment, and Sustained High Body Mass Index over 24 Years of Follow-up in Middle-Aged and Older Adults.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2024Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- High Education, Low Returns: Financial Literacy Challenges for African Americans and Hispanics.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Education Does Not Equally Increase Financial Well-being for All.Journal of social mathematical & human engineering sciences · 2024Article
- Blacks' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Household Income: A Study of College Students in the US.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Racial Gap in Household Income Explains Black-White Disparities in the Intergenerational Transmission of Educational Attainment.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Allostatic load in the US general population: Race and educational intersection.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Association between School Achievement and Tobacco Susceptibility among US Adolescents: Ethnic Differences.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Race and Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effect of Parental Educational Attainment on Subsequent Perceived Tobacco Norms among US Youth.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Parental Education and Adolescents' Asthma: The Role of Ethnicity.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Navigating Black Aging: The Biological Consequences of Stress and Depression.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2022Article
- Feasibility of Race by Sex Intersectionality Research on Suicidality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9-10-Year-Old American Children.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
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Funding
Abstract
backgroundHigher schooling is associated with higher economic wellbeing. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, however, refers to smaller returns of schooling for non-Hispanic Blacks (NHBs) compared to non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs).
aimUsing a national sample of American adults, the current study compared NHBs and NHWs for the effects of each incremental increase in the years of schooling (gradient of educational level) on economic wellbeing of American adults.
methodsData came from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a national online survey with a nationally representative sample. A total of 5715 adults (18+ years old) were included. From this number, 4,826 (84.4%) were NHWs, and 889 (15.6%) were NHBs. Years of schooling was the independent variable. Economic wellbeing was the main outcome. Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator.
resultsOverall, each additional year of schooling was associated with higher economic wellbeing, net of age, and gender. A statistically significant interaction was found between race and years of schooling on the outcome, indicating a smaller boosting effect of any incremental increase in the years of education on the economic wellbeing of NHBs compared to NHWs.
conclusionIn line with MDRs, highly educated Black people experience low economic wellbeing. The MDRs of education on economic wellbeing may be why highly educated, and middle-class Black Americans still report poor health. Policy solutions should address multi-level causes of MDR-related health disparities.
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