ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2020
Color Trails Test: A New Set of Data on Cognitive Flexibility and Processing Speed in Schizophrenia.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy of heat-treated Lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 for individuals with long coronavirus disease-19 syndrome: a double-blinded randomized control pilot study.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Electroencephalography-Based Clustering Reveals Robust Neurophysiological Subtypes in Parkinson's Disease.Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society · 2026Article
- Does Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome Affect the Cognitive Flexibility of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder?The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2025Article
- Effect of lacticaseibacillus paracasei PS23 on anxiety and sleep difficulties among office workers: a double-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial.Annals of general psychiatry · 2025Article
- How to Improve Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence From Noninvasive Neuromodulation Techniques.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in reducing neuropsychiatric symptomatology after traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in neurology · 2024Article
- Article
- Relationship of Neuropeptide S (NPS) with Neurocognitive, Clinical, and Electrophysiological Parameters of Patients during Structured Rehabilitation Therapy for Schizophrenia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Study protocol for 'the effects of multimodal training of cognitive and/or physical functions on cognition and physical fitness of older adults: a cluster randomized controlled trial'.BMC geriatrics · 2022Article
- The Effects of Health Anxiety and Litigation Potential on Symptom Endorsement, Cognitive Performance, and Physiological Functioning in the Context of a Food and Drug Administration Drug Recall Announcement.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Association of Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia Assessed by the BNSS and SNS Scales With Neuropsychological Performance: A Gender Effect.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2021Article
- Multicomponent exercise improved cognitive flexibility and muscular fitness in community-dwelling older adults.Science progressArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAlthough schizophrenia patients have been reported to manifest deficits in cognitive flexibility and lower processing speed (measured with i.a., the Color Trails Test, CTT), there still remain a few matters that require further investigation. We have therefore formulated three research aims: 1) to examine the factor structure of CTT in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, 2) to compare different CTT performance measures in the two groups, 3) to investigate the relationship between these measures and selected psychopathological symptoms in the patient group.
methodsSixty-seven patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 67 healthy controls, matched for gender, age, number of years of education, and overall cognitive functioning underwent assessment of cognitive flexibility and processing speed with the CTT.
resultsFactor analysis of CTT variables based on the principal component method revealed a four-factor solution in both groups. Compared with healthy controls, the patients performed poorer on CTT 1 time, CTT 2 time, 2-1 difference, prompts in CTT 2, and had higher regression factor scores for Factor 1 (reflecting the slower speed of perceptual tracking). Furthermore, significant links were found between some CTT measures, and negative and disorganization symptoms.
conclusionsSchizophrenia patients exhibit problems with speed of perceptual tracking and executive processes dependent on processing speed. Our results may be useful for the development of neuropsychological diagnostic methods for schizophrenia patients. It seems that, compared to other CTT indices, CTT 1 time, CTT 2 time, and 2-1 difference are more appropriate measures of cognitive performance in schizophrenia patients.
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