ArticlePolymers2020
Toxic Effects of Urethane Dimethacrylate on Macrophages Through Caspase Activation, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Reactive Oxygen Species Generation.
Article in Polymers, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Considerations about Cytotoxicity of Resin-Based Composite Dental Materials: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- In vitro evaluation of gingiva-colored composite resins: cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and p53/NF-κB expression.Odontology · 2026Article
- Integrated Multi-Endpoint Analysis of Soluble Copper(II) Chloride-Induced Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Genotoxicity in RAW264.7 Macrophages.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Cytotoxicity of Self-Etch Versus Etch-and-Rinse Dentin Adhesives After 48 h: An In Vitro Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Post-Processing Time's Influence on Biocompatibility of 3D-Printed Denture Base Resins.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2026Article
- Haloperidol Triggers RAW264.7 Macrophages Injury through Oxidative Stress-Driven Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Genomic Instability, and Apoptotic Cell Death.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Resin-Based Dental Composites Modified with Quaternary Ammonium Salts.Journal of functional biomaterials · 2025Article
- Activation of Inflammatory and Apoptosis Pathways on Human Gingival Fibroblasts Exposed to Dental Resin Composites.Polymers · 2025Article
- Motion artifact-controlled micro-brain sensors between hair follicles for persistent augmented reality brain-computer interfaces.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Influence of dual-cure resin-cement curing modes on gingival cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses.Journal of dental sciences · 2025Article
- Analysis of Resin-Based Dental Materials' Composition Depending on Their Clinical Applications.Polymers · 2024Article
- Article
- Biodegradation of Dental Resin-Based Composite-A Potential Factor Affecting the Bonding Effect: A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2022Review
- Article
- Mixed Contaminants: Occurrence, Interactions, Toxicity, Detection, and Remediation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- 1-Nitropyrene Induced Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis in Macrophages through AIF Nuclear Translocation and AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway Activation.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) is a dimethacrylate-based resin monomer that can react with other related monomers and inorganic particles, causing hydrophobic polymerization through cross-linking upon light activation. UDMA polymers are commonly used for the reconstruction and reinforcement of teeth and bones. UDMA can become unbound and be released from light-cured polymer resins. Thus far, no evidence exists on the toxic effects of UDMA and its related working mechanisms for macrophages. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity, mode of cell death, DNA damage, caspase activities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW264.7 macrophages treated with UDMA using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay kit, Annexin V-FITC and PI assays, micronucleus formation and comet assay, caspase fluorometric assay, JC-1 assay, and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, respectively. Our results show that UDMA induced cytotoxicity; apoptosis and necrosis; genotoxicity, which is also called DNA damage; increased caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities; mitochondrial dysfunction; and intracellular ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner in RAW264.7 macrophages. Thus, based on the observed inhibited concentration parallel trends, we concluded that UDMA induces toxic effects in macrophages. Furthermore, UDMA-induced intracellular ROS generation, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage were reduced by N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.